Effect of Low Temperature Environments on the Explosive Properties of Emulsion Explosives
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摘要: 在低温条件下乳化炸药爆炸性能的下降会严重影响爆破效果，研究药体温度改变后乳化炸药爆炸性能的变化规律具有一定的工程应用价值。为此，设计了一系列乳化炸药药体温度精确控制装置，对药体温度为25、0、−5、−10、−15 ℃的乳化炸药的爆速、猛度、做功能力及空中爆炸冲击波超压进行测量，并观察乳化炸药的微观结构。实验结果表明：当药体温度由25 ℃降至−15℃时，炸药的爆速由4227 m/s降至3291 m/s，猛度由13.0 mm降至5.2 mm，做功能力由323 mL降至208 mL，爆炸冲击波超压由284.9 kPa降至115.8 kPa。随着药体温度的降低，硝酸铵析晶量增加，乳胶粒子的局部结构被破坏，致使乳化炸药的微观结构发生变化，爆炸性能降低。低温环境对乳化炸药猛度的影响最大，对爆速的影响最小；随着温度的降低，爆炸性能的降幅增大。在工程应用中，需综合考虑爆炸性能的降幅进行爆破参数设计。Abstract: The decline of explosive properties of emulsion explosives will seriously affect the blasting effect in the environment of low temperature. The study on the evolution law of explosive properties of the emulsion explosives in coordination with the temperature variation of the emulsion explosives presents a certain engineering application value. A series of precise temperature control devices for emulsion explosives were designed, and then the detonation velocity, the brisance, the working capacity and the overpressure of air shock wave were measured with various temperature of 25, 0, −5, −10 and −15 ℃. Meanwhile, the microstructure of the emulsion explosives was characterized. The experimental results showed that when the temperature of the emulsion explosives was reduced from 25 ℃ to −15 ℃, the detonation velocity of the explosive was reduced from 4227 m/s to 3291 m/s, the brisance of the explosive was reduced from 13.0 mm to 5.2 mm, the working capacity of the explosives was reduced from 323 mL to 208 mL, and the overpressure of air shock wave was reduced from 284.9 kPa to 115.8 kPa. With the decrease of the temperature of the emulsion explosives, the precipitation of ammonium nitrate crystal increased along with the partial structure failure of the emulsion particles, resulting in changes in the microstructure and declines in the explosive properties of the emulsion explosives. Low-temperature environment mostly affected the brisance of emulsion explosives, but slightly affected the detonation velocity. With the decrease of temperature, the decline amplitude of explosive properties would be accelerated. It is suggested that the design of blasting properties should be adjusted according to the decline amplitude of explosive properties.
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图 4 低温空中爆炸冲击波压力实验装置示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of device for air shock wave pressure test at low temperature
图 5 不同药体温度下乳化炸药的Δp-t曲线
Figure 5. Δp-t curves of emulsion explosives at different body temperatures
图 6 乳化炸药各爆炸性能相对于25 ℃时的下降率
Figure 6. Percentage decrease for each explosive property of emulsion explosives relative to the level at 25 ℃
图 7 常温和低温下乳化炸药的微观结构
Figure 7. Microstructure of emulsion explosives at ambient and low temperature
图 8 不同温度下乳化炸药的物理模型
Figure 8. Physical modelling of emulsion explosives at different temperatures
表 1 不同药体温度下乳化炸药爆炸性能测试结果
Table 1. Test results of explosion properties of emulsion explosives with different body temperatures
T/℃ D/(m·s−1) ΔH/mm V/mL Δp/kPa 25 4227 13.0 323 284.9 0 3994 12.1 310 265.4 −5 3752 10.3 283 255.8 −10 3509 8.1 255 216.3 −15 3291 5.2 208 115.8 
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