Tensile Behavior and Mechanical Performance Analysis of High-Strength Steels at Varying Strain Rates
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摘要: 高强钢因强度高、塑性好、耐腐蚀性优异而得到广泛应用。然而，高强钢具有显著的应变率敏感性。为此，针对2种高强钢（Ultrafort 401和Ferrium S53钢），开展了不同应变率下（10−4～103 s−1）的拉伸试验，获得了屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬化指数等性能参量，并深入分析了其随应变率变化的规律。不同应变率下，Ferrium S53钢的拉伸性能始终优于Ultrafort 401钢，但两者却表现出不同的变化趋势。随着应变率的增加，Ultrafort 401钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度均增大，而Ferrium S53钢的屈服强度增大，抗拉强度先减小后增大。结合微观结构表征发现，Ferrium S53钢所具有的较高的屈服强度与其初始晶粒尺寸更小有关，2种高强钢的抗拉强度随应变率增加所表现出的不同变化趋势则与应变硬化响应差异有关。随着应变率的升高，Ultrafort 401钢的韧窝尺寸增大，而Ferrium S53钢的韧窝尺寸先减小后增大，说明2种高强钢的应变硬化水平随着应变率升高而呈现不同的变化趋势。研究结果为高强钢在不同加载条件下的力学性能评估提供了科学依据，对高强钢的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。Abstract: High-strength steels are widely employed due to their excellent combination of high strength, good ductility, and corrosion resistance. However, they often exhibit significant strain rate sensitivity. In this study, two types of high-strength steels, Ultrafort 401 and Ferrium S53 steels, were investigated. Tensile tests were conducted at varying strain rates (10−4−103 s−1), to obtain the yield strength, the tensile strength, the uniform elongation, the hardening index and other performance parameters. The variations of these parameters with strain rate were thoroughly analyzed. It was observed that under different strain rates, Ferrium S53 steel consistently outperformed Ultrafort 401 steel in terms of tensile properties, while they exhibited different trends. As the strain rate increased, both of the yield strength and the tensile strength of Ultrafort 401 steels increased, while for Ferrium S53 steels the yield strength of increased, and the tensile strength decreased and then increased. Combined with the microstructure analysis, it is found that the higher yield strength of Ferrium S53 steel was related to the smaller grain sizes, while the different tensile strength trends of the two high-strength steels with the increase of strain rate were associated with differences in strain hardening response. With the increase of strain rate, the dimple size of Ultrafort 401 steels increases, whereas it decreases and then increases for Ferrium S53 steels. This indicates a different pattern of change in the strain hardening level of the two high-strength steels with increasing strain rate. The findings in this work provide a scientific basis for assessing the mechanical performance of high-strength steels under various loading conditions and hold significant implications for their engineering applications.
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Key words:
- high-strength steel /
- tensile properties /
- strain rate /
- fracture morphology /
- yield strength /
- tensile strength
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图 2 初始态Ferrium S53和Ultrafort 401钢的反极图、晶界图、取向差角直方图和晶粒尺寸直方图
Figure 2. Inverse pole figure (IPF), grain boundary diagrams, the distribution of misorientation angle and grain size of Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steel samples before deformation
图 3 不同应变率下Ferrium S53和Ultrafort 401钢的工程应力-应变曲线
Figure 3. Engineering stress-strain curves at different strain rates for Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steels
图 4 不同应变率下Ferrium S53和Ultrafort 401钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度
Figure 4. Tensile and yield strength curves at different strain rates for Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steels
图 5 不同应变率下Ferrium S53和Ultrafort 401钢的均匀延伸率和屈强比
Figure 5. Uniform elongation and yield ratio curves at different strain rates for Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steels
图 6 不同应变率下Ferrium S53钢和Ultrafort 401钢的硬化指数
Figure 6. Hardening indexes of Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steels at different strain rates
图 7 不同应变率下Ferrium S53钢的断口形貌及对应的韧窝尺寸分布
Figure 7. Fracture morphology and distribution of corresponding dimple size at different strain rates for Ferrium S53 steel
图 8 不同应变率下Ultrafort 401钢的断口形貌及对应的韧窝尺寸分布
Figure 8. Fracture morphology and distribution of corresponding dimple size at different strain rates for Ultrafort 401 steels
图 9 不同应变率下2种高强钢的强塑性关系（虚线箭头表示应变率增大方向）
Figure 9. Relationships of strength-plasticity behavior of two high-strength steels at varying strain rates (The dashed arrows show the direction of increased strain rate)
表 1 Ferrium S53和Ultrafort 401钢的元素组成
Table 1. Elemental composition of Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steels
Material Mass fraction/% C Cr Ni Ti Mo Co Fe Ferrium S53 steel 0.21 9.00 4.80 0.02 1.50 13.00 71.47 Ultrafort 401 steel 0.02 12.00 8.20 0.80 2.00 5.30 71.68 
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表 2 Ferrium S53和Ultrafort 401钢在不同应变率下的力学性能参量
Table 2. Mechanical parameters of Ferrium S53 and Ultrafort 401 steels at different strain rates
Material $ \dot{\varepsilon } $/s−1 Tensile strength/MPa Yield strength/MPa Uniform elongation/% Yield ratio Hardening index Ferrium
S53 steel10−4 1920.58 900.75 7.43 0.47 0.38 10−3 1907.41 908.91 7.25 0.48 0.33 10−2 1895.57 910.44 7.36 0.48 0.30 7×10−2 1821.34 918.18 7.64 0.50 0.25 10 1956.13 1145.16 8.13 0.59 0.41 103 2069.75 1333.62 9.47 0.64 0.46 Ultrafort
401 steel10−4 944.68 711.59 2.78 0.75 0.13 10−3 945.57 724.65 2.74 0.77 0.14 10−2 953.93 759.52 2.81 0.80 0.15 7×10−2 967.97 777.67 3.24 0.80 0.17 10 1013.09 853.76 2.99 0.84 0.25 103 1106.12 958.74 2.93 0.87 0.35
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