Optimization of Borehole Spacing and Decoupling Coefficient for Presplitting Blasting in Water-Bearing Borehole
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摘要: 含水炮孔预裂爆破中，水介质的不可压缩性与高波阻抗显著改变了爆炸能量的传递路径与破岩机制，传统的基于空气介质的参数设计方法在含水地层中常出现超挖率高、保留岩体损伤过大等问题。以某磷矿富水边坡为背景，构建了光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元方法（smoothed particle hydrodynamics-finite element method, SPH-FEM）耦合的数值模型，对不同炮孔间距与不耦合系数条件下的应力波传播规律、岩体损伤响应及裂纹发育特征进行系统分析。研究结果表明：孔间应力波叠加效应对预裂裂隙能否实现有效贯通具有显著影响。当炮孔间距为1.4 m、不耦合系数为2.34时，裂纹扩展平均长度达49.48 cm，预裂爆破能够形成规整连续的贯通裂缝，并有效抑制孔壁周围的过度粉碎及次生裂纹发育。现场试验进一步验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。优化参数条件下，含水炮孔预裂爆破的半孔率提高至85%，声波降低率较常规爆破下降18%，表明该参数在含水预裂爆破中具备良好的控损能力与成缝效果。研究结果可为复杂水文地质条件下的预裂爆破参数选取提供参考依据。
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关键词:
- 预裂爆破 /
- 含水炮孔 /
- 光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元方法 /
- 孔距 /
- 不耦合系数
Abstract: In water-bearing borehole presplitting blasting, the incompressibility and high wave impedance of the water medium significantly alter the transmission pathways of explosive energy and the rock fragmentation mechanism. As a result, traditional parameter design methods based on air-filled boreholes often lead to high overbreak ratios and excessive damage to the retained rock mass in water-bearing strata. Taking the water-rich slope in a phosphate mine as the engineering background, this study establishes a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics-finite element method (SPH-FEM) numerical model. The model is employed to systematically investigate the propagation characteristics of blast-induced stress waves, rock mass damage evolution, and crack propagation behavior under different borehole spacing and decoupling coefficients. The results indicate a strong correlation between the superposition of stress waves from adjacent boreholes and the coalescence of presplitting cracks. When the borehole spacing is 1.4 m and the decoupling coefficient is 2.34, the average crack propagation length reaches 49.48 cm, enabling the formation of regular and continuous through-going presplitting cracks while effectively suppressing excessive crushing around the borehole wall and the development of secondary cracks. Field tests further validate the reliability of the numerical simulations: utilizing the optimized parameters, the half-hole rate of presplitting blasting in water-bearing borehole increases to 85%, and the reduction rate of acoustic wave velocity decreases by 18% compared to conventional blasting, demonstrating favorable damage control performance and crack-forming effectiveness under water-bearing conditions. The findings provide a useful reference for the design of presplitting blasting parameters in complex hydrogeological environments. -
图 5 数值模拟与现场试验得到的爆破漏斗形态对比
Figure 5. Comparison of blasting crater morphology between numerical simulation and field test
图 6 SPH-FEM数值模型示意图（以炮孔间距0.8 m为例）
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the SPH-FEM numerical model (Taking a borehole spacing of 0.8 m as an example.)
图 8 不同孔距下裂纹扩展尺度及形态（单位：cm）
Figure 8. Crack propagation scale and morphology under different borehole spacings (Unit: cm)
图 9 不同孔距下裂纹扩展平均长度及破碎区半径
Figure 9. Average crack propagation length and crushing zone radius under different borehole spacing
图 11 不同孔距条件下的峰值有效应力曲线
Figure 11. Peak effective stress curves under different borehole spacing
图 12 不同不耦合系数下裂纹扩展尺度及形态（单位：cm）
Figure 12. Crack propagation scale and morphology at different decoupling coefficients (Unit: cm)
图 13 不同不耦合系数下裂纹扩展平均长度及破碎区半径
Figure 13. Average crack propagation length and crushing zone radius under different decoupling coefficients
图 14 不同不耦合系数条件下峰值有效应力曲线
Figure 14. Peak effective stress curves under different decoupling coefficients
图 16 声波测试孔位置示意图
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of the locations of acoustic test boreholes
图 17 1.4 m孔距下预裂爆破的爆后效果
Figure 17. Post-blasting effect of presplitting blasting with a borehole spacing of 1.4 m
表 1 白云质粉砂岩的力学参数
Table 1. Mechanical parameters of dolomitic siltstone
fc/MPa σt/MPa τ/MPa E/GPa ν σb/MPa Rm/MPa cP/(m·s−1) 118 7.78 3.81 38.03 0.27 172 21 3600 
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表 2 围压参数
Table 2. Confining pressure parameters
σ2/MPa σ3/MPa σ1/MPa $p_0^* $ $\sigma_\alpha^* $ 0 0 118 0.33 1 20 20 285.64 0.92 2.25 40 40 396.66 1.35 3.02 60 60 488.77 1.72 3.63 80 80 570.39 2.06 4.16
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表 3 白云质粉砂岩的RHT本构参数
Table 3. RHT constitutive parameters of dolomitic siltstone
ρ0/(kg·m−3) B0 T2 $f_{\mathrm{t}}^* $ nf A2/GPa pft ξ 2 415 1.22 0 0.104 9 0.61 38.18 0.001 0.5 A B1 fc/MPa Q0 pcomp/GPa βc $g_{\mathrm{c}}^*$ D1 2.470 42 1.22 118 0.680 5 6.0 0.013 8 0.53 0.04 N T1/GPa $f_{\mathrm{s}}^* $ B G/GPa βt $g_{\mathrm{t}}^*$ D2 0.740 47 31.30 0.18 0.05 16.29 0.018 2 0.7 1 $\varepsilon_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{m}} $ γ A3/GPa np Af A1/GPa pel/MPa α0 0.01 1.14 8.02 3.0 1.60 31.30 60 1.12
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表 4 炸药材料参数
Table 4. Explosive material parameters
ρe/(kg·m−3) Dd/(m·s−1) pCJ/GPa AJ BJ R1 R2 ω E0/GPa 1 150 3 500 9.7 214.4 0.182 4.2 0.9 0.152 4.190
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表 5 水的状态方程参数
Table 5. Parameters of equation of state for water
ρw/(kg·m−3) C S1 S2 S3 γ0 Ew0 1000 1.647 0.344 −0.096 0 0.35 0
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表 6 爆破漏斗数据统计
Table 6. Statistical data of blasting crater
Method Burial depth/m H/m R/m Vc/m3 Numerical simulation 1.0 0.95 0.94 1.087 Field test 1.0 0.931 0.934 1.043
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表 7 半孔率统计
Table 7. Half-hole ratio statistics
Spacing/m Number of presplit holes Number of qualified half-holes Half-hole ratio/% 1.4 20 17 85
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