Dynamic Plastic Deformation Mechanism of 301 Stainless Steel at Low Temperatures
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摘要: 深空探测面临极端温度与复杂高速运行环境的挑战,对材料的低温抗冲击性能提出了更高要求。通过发展真空液氦环境下的低温霍普金森杆冲击实验装置,实现了材料在超低温条件下的动态加载,研究了2种轧制工艺的301不锈钢在低温(30~298 K)与高应变率(4 000~5 000 s–1)耦合作用下的动态力学响应。研究结果表明:2种材料的屈服强度均表现出显著的温度负相关和应变率正相关特性,单向轧制样品在77 K环境下呈现出反常的韧性增强现象;单向轧制工艺诱导产生较高含量的马氏体相,从而赋予材料更高的强度。微观结构表征结果指出,宏观力学行为的异常源于变形机制的竞争,常温条件下试样主要呈现以韧窝为主导的韧性断裂机制,而低温条件下则转变为以准解理断裂为主导的脆性断裂模式。在此基础上,采用Johnson-Cook本构模型对其力学性能进行拟合,结果具有较好的一致性。本研究为极端低温冲击环境下金属材料的动态强韧化设计提供了重要的实验方法和理论支撑。Abstract: Deep space exploration faces challenges from extreme temperatures and complex high-speed operating environments, placing higher demands on the low-temperature impact resistance of materials. In this study, a low-temperature Hopkinson bar impact experimental device was developed to achieve dynamic loading of materials under ultra-low temperature conditions within a vacuum liquid helium environment. The dynamic mechanical response of 301 stainless steel produced by two rolling processes was investigated under the combined effects of low temperature (30–298 K) and high strain rates (
4000 –5000 s−1). Experimental results show that the yield strength of both materials exhibits a significant negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with strain rate. The unidirectionally rolled samples displayed an anomalous increase in toughness at 77 K. The study indicates that the unidirectional rolling process induces a higher content of martensitic phase, thereby endowing the material with greater strength. Microstructural characterization results reveal that the anomalies in macroscopic mechanical behavior stem from the competition of deformation mechanisms. At room temperature, the samples mainly exhibit a toughness fracture mechanism, dominated by ductile dimples, whereas at low temperatures, they transition to a brittle fracture mode, dominated by quasi-cleavage. Based on this, the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was used to fit the mechanical properties, demonstrating good consistency with the experimental results. This research provides important experimental methods and theoretical support for the dynamic strength and toughness design of metallic materials under extreme low-temperature impact conditions.-
Key words:
- impact loading /
- low temperature /
- strain rate /
- adiabatic shear /
- fracture mode
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表 1 J-C本构模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of the J-C constitutive model
Rolling method A/GPa B/GPa n C m Multidirectional rolling 3.10 21 0.78 0.07 1.02 Unidirectional rolling 7.00 8 0.50 0.13 1.05 -
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