Effect of Boron Nitride Content on the Explosion Performance of On-Site Mixed Emulsion Explosives
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摘要: 为研究氮化硼（BN）含量对现场混装乳化炸药爆炸性能的影响，通过透射电镜和光学显微镜表征、铁板实验测试、空中爆炸测试、探针法和铅柱压缩法，观测了炸药的微观形貌，测定了含BN现场混装乳化炸药的热感度、冲击波参数、爆速及猛度，结合理论计算，系统研究了BN含量对炸药微观结构、热感度和爆炸性能的影响。测试结果表明，BN的加入未显著影响内相液滴的稳定性。在240 ℃下，炸药样品的爆发延滞期从114.28 s（空白样品）延长至173.95 s（含1.2% h-BN）。随着BN的质量分数从零增至1.6%，爆速、猛度、峰值超压、比冲量均呈现先增后减的变化趋势：爆速由
3850.45 m/s增至4724.89 m/s随后降至3903.20 m/s，最大增幅为22.71%；猛度由13.86 mm增至19.87 mm后降至17.18 mm，最大增幅为43.36%；峰值超压由136.44 kPa增至318.33 kPa后降至285.41 kPa，最大增幅为133.31%；比冲量由9.23 Pa·s增至33.98 Pa·s后降至31.99 Pa·s，最大增幅为268.15%。研究表明，引入适量BN可显著提升现场混装乳化炸药的爆炸性能。Abstract: To investigate the effect of boron nitride (BN) content on the explosion performance of on-site mixed emulsion explosives, the microstructure of BN-containing on-site mixed emulsion explosives were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and the thermal sensitivity, shock wave parameters, detonation velocity, and brisance of explosives were measured through steel plate tests, air explosion tests, the probe method, and lead cylinder compression tests. Combined with theoretical calculations, the influence of BN content on the microstructure, thermal sensitivity, and explosion performance of explosives was systematically studied. The test results indicate that the addition of BN does not significantly affect the stability of the internal phase droplets. At 240 ℃, the explosion delay time of the explosive samples increased from 114.28 s (blank sample) to 173.95 s (1.2% h-BN). As the mass fraction of BN increased from 0 to 1.6%, the detonation velocity, brisance, peak overpressure and specific impulse exhibited a trend of increase followed by decrease. The detonation velocity increased from3850.45 m/s to4724.89 m/s, and then decreased to3903.20 m/s, with a maximum increase of 22.71%; the brisance first increased from 13.86 mm to 19.87 mm, and then decreased to 17.18 mm, with a maximum increase of 43.36%; the peak overpressure increased from 136.44 kPa to 318.33 kPa, and then decreased to 285.41 kPa, with a maximum increase of 133.31%; the specific impulse increased from 9.23 Pa·s to 33.98 Pa·s, and then decreased to 31.99 Pa·s, with a maximum increase of 268.15%. The study demonstrates that the incorporation of an appropriate amount of BN can significantly enhance the explosion performance of site-mixed emulsion explosives.-
Key words:
- on-site mixed emulsion explosives /
- boron nitride /
- detonation velocity /
- brisance /
- air blast
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图 8 现场混装乳化炸药的爆发延滞期
Figure 8. Detonation delay time of on-site mixed emulsion explosives
表 1 现场混装乳化基质配方（质量分数）
Table 1. Formula of on-site mixed emulsion matrix (mass fraction)
% AN SN H2O 0 diesel Wax Span-80 72.5 4.0 16.0 4.0 1.5 2.0 
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表 2 现场混装乳化炸药基质密度
Table 2. Densities of on-site mixed emulsion matrix
g·cm−3 Matrix A Matrix B Matrix C Matrix D Matrix E 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36
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表 3 现场混装乳化炸药密度
Table 3. Densities of on-site mixed emulsion explosives
Sample Density/(g·cm−3) Sample Density/(g·cm−3) Sample Density/(g·cm−3) Sample Density/(g·cm−3) A1 1.14 A2 1.02 A3 0.95 A4 0.85 B1 1.16 B2 1.05 B3 0.98 B4 0.87 C1 1.18 C2 1.07 C3 1.01 C4 0.88 D1 1.21 D2 1.09 D3 1.04 D4 0.90 E1 1.22 E2 1.12 E3 1.06 E4 0.93
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表 4 现场混装乳化炸药基质各组分的氧平衡[25]
Table 4. Oxygen balance of each component in on-site mixed emulsion matrix[25]
Material Oxygen balance/(g·g−1) Material Oxygen balance/(g·g−1) NH4NO3 0.20 h-BN −1.50 NaNO3 0.47 B2O3 0 H2O 0 Na2O 0 C18H38 −3.46 N2 0 C24H44O6 −2.39 CO −0.57 C16H32 −3.42 CO2 0
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表 5 含h-BN的现场混装乳化炸药基质的氧平衡
Table 5. Oxygen balance of on-site mixed emulsion matrix containing h-BN
g·g−1 Matrix A Matrix B Matrix C Matrix D Matrix E − 0.0727 − 0.0787 − 0.0847 − 0.0907 − 0.0967
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表 6 炸药反应物与产物的相对分子质量和生成热[25]
Table 6. Relative molecular mass and formation heat of explosive reactants and products[25]
Material Formation heat/
(kJ·mol−1)Relative molecular
mass/(g·mol−1)Material Formation heat/
(kJ·mol−1)Relative molecular
mass/(g·mol−1)NH4NO3 353.46 80.04 h-BN 250.00 24.82 NaNO3 462.66 84.99 B2O3 1276.00 69.62 H2O 286.20 18.01 Na2O 414.22 61.98 C18H38 558.96 254.51 N2 0 28.01 C24H44O6 894.52 428.63 CO 111.47 28.01 C16H32 661.55 224.44 CO2 393.50 44.01
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表 7 爆热、爆速、爆容、爆温和爆压的理论计算结果
Table 7. Theoretical calculation results of detonation heat, detonation velocity, gas volume, detonation temperature, and detonation pressure
Sample QV/(kJ·kg−1) D0/(m·s−1) V0/(L·kg−1) TB/K pB/GPa A2 2490.86 4385.89 1043.75 2042.41 5.87 B2 2519.71 4403.71 1047.36 2053.48 6.11 C2 2548.57 4421.37 1050.97 2064.47 6.30 D2 2577.43 4438.87 1054.58 2075.36 6.55 E2 2606.28 4456.22 1058.19 2086.17 6.75
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表 8 现场混装乳化炸药的爆发延滞期
Table 8. Detonation delay time of on-site mixed emulsion explosives
Sample Detonation delay time/s 240 ℃ 245 ℃ 250 ℃ 255 ℃ 260 ℃ A2 114.28 92.28 82.10 73.81 62.90 B2 141.58 115.75 97.64 83.76 74.78 C2 156.84 137.61 127.76 107.91 92.98 D2 173.95 161.71 152.61 145.38 139.61 E2 165.82 153.80 140.95 131.29 126.46
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表 9 各组乳化炸药样品的爆速
Table 9. Detonation velocity for each group of emulsion explosive samples
Sample Detonation velocity Sample Detonation velocity Test/(m·s−1) Theory/(m·s−1) Error/% Test/(m·s−1) Theory/(m·s−1) Error/% A1 3701.62 4385.89 18.49 D1 3621.13 4438.87 22.58 A2 3850.45 13.91 D2 4194.63 5.82 A3 3590.62 22.15 D3 3639.01 21.98 A4 3503.61 25.18 D4 3906.25 13.64 B1 4412.54 4403.71 0.20 E1 3479.47 4456.22 28.07 B2 4724.89 6.80 E2 3903.20 14.17 B3 3945.32 11.62 E3 3601.95 23.72 B4 3830.34 14.97 E4 3625.33 22.92 C1 3776.54 4421.37 17.07 C2 4321.52 2.31 C3 4201.68 5.23 C4 3948.96 11.96
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表 10 爆速各水平均值的计算结果
Table 10. Calculation results of average detonation velocity across test levels
Factor Level/% Ki/(m·s−1) R/(m·s−1) MER wBN 0 3661.58 1133.06 1 0.4 4728.27 0.8 4062.18 1.2 3835.25 1.6 3652.49 ws 0.15 3798.26 689.74 2 0.30 4198.74 0.45 3795.92 0.60 3763.70
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表 11 各组乳化炸药样品的猛度
Table 11. Brisance of each group of emulsion explosive samples
Sample Brisance/mm Sample Brisance/mm Sample Brisance/mm Sample Brisance/mm A1 13.12 A2 13.86 A3 13.59 A4 12.80 B1 15.38 B2 16.03 B3 15.90 B4 15.40 C1 16.78 C2 17.40 C3 17.25 C4 16.71 D1 17.68 D2 19.87 D3 19.29 D4 17.34 E1 16.78 E2 17.18 E3 16.71 E4 15.88
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表 12 猛度各水平均值计算结果
Table 12. Calculation results of average brisance across test levels
Factor Level/% Ki/mm R/mm MER wBN 0 13.343 5.200 1 0.4 15.674 0.8 17.030 1.2 18.543 1.6 16.634 ws 0.15 15.944 1.242 2 0.30 16.866 0.45 16.546 0.60 15.624
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表 13 添加不同含量h-BN的乳化炸药的空中爆炸冲击波参数
Table 13. Parameters of air blast shock waves of emulsion explosives with different h-BN contents
Sample pm/kPa t+/μs I+/(Pa·s) Sample pm/kPa t+/μs I+/(Pa·s) A1 107.29 274.97 11.66 A3 115.67 299.14 10.41 B1 155.11 281.35 14.12 B3 186.18 370.27 20.33 C1 192.59 330.14 19.60 C3 220.91 311.90 20.97 D1 205.16 343.14 18.55 D3 255.63 303.23 19.64 E1 197.04 223.89 17.94 E3 192.59 238.49 16.67 A2 136.44 240.76 9.23 A4 94.91 291.84 10.06 B2 205.49 328.32 16.14 B4 179.77 359.10 18.45 C2 246.82 364.80 24.57 C4 184.43 450.07 28.30 D2 318.33 390.33 33.98 D4 205.49 328.28 16.16 E2 285.41 290.02 31.99 E4 170.77 304.61 15.70
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表 14 各水平下峰值超压的均值计算结果
Table 14. Calculation results of average peak overpressure across test levels
Factor Level/% Ki/kPa R/kPa MER wBN 0 113.58 132.58 1 0.4 181.64 0.8 211.19 1.2 246.15 1.6 211.45 ws 0.15 171.44 71.42 2 0.30 238.50 0.45 194.20 0.60 167.07
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