高应变率作用下Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn复合超导体临界性能退化响应机理分析

菅长旭; 杜侨依; 丁贺; 肖革胜; 刘志芳; 乔力

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20251200

高应变率作用下Nb₃Sn复合超导体临界性能退化响应机理分析

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251200

菅长旭^1,,
杜侨依²,
丁贺³,
肖革胜²,
刘志芳²,
乔力^2,*, ,

1.
太原理工大学机械工程学院, 山西太原　030024
2.
太原理工大学航空航天学院应用力学研究所, 山西太原　030024
3.
中北大学航空宇航学院, 山西太原　030051

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12502248，12272249，11772212）；山西省基础研究计划（202303021211070，202203021212226）

详细信息

作者简介:
菅长旭（2000－），男，硕士研究生，主要从事电磁固体力学研究. E-mail：jiancx19@163.com

通讯作者:
乔　力（1984－），男，博士，教授，主要从事极端环境下超导材料力电耦合响应研究. E-mail：qiaoli@tyut.edu.cn

中图分类号: O521.2; O347
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-15
- 修回日期: 2025-12-12
- 录用日期: 2026-04-22
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-11
- 刊出日期: 2026-06-05

Analysis of High-Strain-Rate Deformation Induced Degradation of Critical Properties in Nb₃Sn Superconductors

1.
College of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
2.
Institute of Applied Mechanics, College of Aerospace Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
3.
School of Aerospace Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China

摘要

摘要: Nb₃Sn超导材料因其优异的超导性能，被广泛应用于粒子加速器的超导谐振腔、核聚变以及高能物理领域的超导磁体装置中。在失超和快速励磁等极端工况下，超导材料常承受高应变率的动态载荷，进而引发复杂的电磁-热-力多场耦合效应，最终导致其超导临界性能发生不可逆退化。为此，基于分子动力学模拟结果，以连续介质力学和超导物理理论为框架，研究了高应变率拉伸条件下Nb₃Sn复合超导体的弹塑性力学行为、塑性功热耗散引起的绝热温升以及损伤演化对超导临界性能的影响。基于弹塑性变形解耦理论，将变形分解为弹性和塑性两部分，定量分析了Nb基体塑性功热耗散引起的温升演变规律，并基于密度泛函理论分析了绝热温升与变形损伤对Nb₃Sn复合超导体临界性能的影响。研究结果表明：低温高应变率拉伸条件下，Nb基体的塑性变形主要由全位错滑移主导，而Nb₃Sn涂层由于其A15晶体结构的本征脆性，发生脆性断裂。温升主要源于塑性功的热转化，随着塑性应变的累积，温度随之升高。力-热耦合效应显著加剧超导临界性能退化；变形损伤主要表现为非晶化和裂纹扩展，引发电子结构的不可逆转变，进而导致超导临界性能的退化。研究结果有助于理解高应变率作用下Nb₃Sn复合超导体的变形-温升-性能退化关联机制，对超导腔与磁体的优化设计具有理论指导意义。
- Nb₃Sn/Nb复合超导体 /
- 高应变率 /
- 分子动力学 /
- 弹塑性变形解耦 /
- 温升 /
- 临界性能退化
Abstract: Nb₃Sn superconductors are vital for advanced applications like particle accelerators and fusion devices, yet their performance degrades irreversibly under the high-strain-rate dynamic loads encountered during quench or fast excitation. This study integrates molecular dynamics simulations, continuum mechanics, and density functional theory to unravel the underlying multiphysics coupling mechanisms. We probe the elastoplastic response, adiabatic heating from plastic work, and damage evolution in Nb₃Sn composites under high-strain-rate tension. Our analysis reveals that at cryogenic temperatures, the niobium matrix deforms via full-dislocation slip, whereas the brittle Nb₃Sn coating fractures. The associated temperature rise, driven by plastic work dissipation and accumulating with strain, synergizes with deformation-induced damage (amorphization and cracking) to severely degrade superconducting properties. These damage mechanisms cause irreversible electronic structure changes, directly impairing super-conductivity. These findings establish a deformation-thermal-damage correlation mechanism, providing a theoretical foundation for the design of resilient superconducting devices.
- Nb₃Sn composite superconductors /
- high strain rate /
- molecular dynamics /
- decoupling of elastic-plastic deformation /
- temperature rise /
- critical properties degradation

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图 1 (a) Nb₃Sn晶体结构，(b) Nb₃Sn-Nb单晶复合膜基结构模型

Figure 1. (a) Crystal structure of Nb₃Sn; (b) Nb₃Sn-Nb single-crystal composite film/substrate model

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图 2 构型示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the configuration

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图 3 高应变率作用下Nb₃Sn复合超导中的损伤与裂纹

Figure 3. Damage and cracking in Nb₃Sn composite superconductors under high-strain-rate deformation

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图 4 (a)沿拉伸方向的应力-应变曲线，(b)等效应力-应变曲线

Figure 4. (a) Stress-strain curves under uniaxial tension; (b) equivalent stress-strain curves

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图 5 Nb₃Sn复合超导体原子尺度应变分布：(a)～(f) 应变率为5×10⁸ s^–1时的变形演化，(g)～(l) 应变率为5×10⁹ s^–1时的变形演化

Figure 5. Atomic-scale strain distribution in Nb₃Sn composite superconductors: (a)–(f) deformation evolution at a strain rate of 5×10⁸ s^–1; (g)–(l) deformation evolution at a strain rate of 5×10⁹ s^–1

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图 6 (a) Nb基体弹塑性变形与涂层弹性变形的演化，(b) 温度随施加应变的演化，(c) 塑性功随施加应变的累积，(d) 位错密度随施加应变的演化

Figure 6. (a) Evolution of elastic-plastic deformation in the niobium substrate and evolution of elastic deformation in the coating; (b) temperature response to applied strain; (c) accumulation of plastic work with applied strain; (d) evolution of dislocation density as a function of applied strain

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图 7 室温环境中温度随施加应变的演化

Figure 7. Temperature evolution as a function of applied strain at room temperature

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图 8 (a) 变形损伤区域不同原子位型的非晶态Nb₃Sn，(b) 非晶态Nb₃Sn的电子态密度曲线

Figure 8. (a) Amorphous Nb₃Sn atomic configurations within the deformation-induced damage zone; (b) density of states of amorphous Nb₃Sn.

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图 9 准静态等温加载条件下Nb₃Sn复合超导体临界性能变化

Figure 9. Evolution of the critical properties in Nb₃Sn composite superconductors under quasi-static isothermal loading

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图 10 准静态绝热加载条件下Nb₃Sn复合超导体临界性能变化

Figure 10. Evolution of the critical properties in Nb₃Sn composite superconductors under quasi-static adiabatic loading

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图 11 高应变率加载条件下Nb₃Sn复合超导体临界性能变化

Figure 11. Evolution of critical properties in Nb₃Sn composite superconductors under high-strain-rate loading

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