铅砂动能弹冲击仿生靶标数值模拟与安全分析

欧阳的华; 刘雨涵; 潘家正; 李哲; 郭晓强; 汪送; 刘星雨

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20251191

铅砂动能弹冲击仿生靶标数值模拟与安全分析

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251191

1.
西安建筑科技大学资源工程学院, 陕西西安　710082
2.
南京理工大学化学与化工学院, 江苏南京　210094
3.
武警工程大学装备管理与保障学院, 陕西西安　710055

详细信息

作者简介:
欧阳的华（1983－），男，博士，副教授，主要从事特种弹药技术研究. E-mail：oydh2020@njust.edu.cn

中图分类号: O347; O521.9
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-08
- 修回日期: 2025-11-01
- 网络出版日期: 2025-11-11
- 刊出日期: 2026-10-22

Numerical Simulation and Safety Study of Kinetic Energy Projectiles Filled with Lead Sand Impacting Bionic Targets

1.
School of Resource Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710082, Shaanxi, China
2.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
3.
Equipment Management and Guarantee Institute, Engineering University of Armed Police Force of China, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China

摘要

摘要: 为提高国内现役38 mm防暴枪用非致命动能弹的安全性，采用有限元-离散元法，对填充铅砂的38 mm球形动能弹丸冲击人体仿生靶标过程进行数值模拟，利用刚性壁实验对建模方法和参数选取进行间接验证，获得了弹丸冲击仿生靶标过程的形变过程、动能、速度、位移、能量传递率等变化数据。在此基础上，对不同弹体速度和壁厚进行对比分析，提出了安全射击建议。结果表明：弹丸冲击仿生靶标时产生了较大形变，弹丸形变至圆饼状，靶标产生圆形凹陷，两者形变均可在一定程度上恢复；弹丸致伤威力随着速度的增加而增大，随着壁厚的增厚而减小；当弹丸壁厚为5、7、9 mm时，不造成腹部皮肤穿透损伤的最小射击安全距离分别为122.40、64.62、31.26 m。
- 动能弹 /
- 冲击动力学 /
- 非致命效应 /
- 仿生靶
Abstract: To enhance the safety of the non-lethal kinetic energy ammunition used in the current 38 mm riot control guns, the finite element-discrete element method was employed to simulate the impact process of the 38 mm spherical kinetic energy projectile filled with lead sand on a human body-like target. The modeling method and parameter selection were indirectly verified through a rigid-wall experiment, and data on the deformation process, kinetic energy, velocity, displacement, and energy transfer rate during the projectile impacting on the target were obtained. Based on this, comparative analysis was conducted on different projectile velocities and wall thicknesses, and safety related shooting suggestions were proposed. The results show that the projectile undergoes significant deformation upon impact with the target, transforming into a disc like shape, while the target exhibits a circular indentation, with both deformations being partially recoverable to some extent. The wounding power of the projectile increases with velocity and decreases with wall thickness. The minimum safe shooting distances without causing abdominal skin penetration injuries for projectile wall thicknesses of 5, 7, and 9 mm are 122.40, 64.62, and 31.26 m, respectively.
- kinetic projectile /
- impact dynamics /
- non-lethal effects /
- bionic targets

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图 1 不同壁厚动能弹的有限元模型

Figure 1. Finite element model of kinetic energy projectile with different wall thicknesses

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图 2 9 mm壁厚动能弹丸冲击仿生靶标有限元模型

Figure 2. Finite element model of a kinetic energy projectile with a wall thickness of 9 mm impacting biomimetic target

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图 3 实验装置

Figure 3. Experimental setup

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图 4 弹丸冲击刚性壁有限元模型

Figure 4. Finite element model of a projectile impacting a rigid wall

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图 5 弹丸冲击刚性壁数值模拟与实验对比

Figure 5. Comparison between numerical and experimental results for projectile impact on a rigid wall

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图 6 弹丸冲击仿生靶标过程

Figure 6. Projectile impact process on a bionic target

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图 7 壁厚9 mm弹丸冲击仿生靶标数据变化曲线

Figure 7. Data history for 9 mm wall projectile impacting biomimetic target

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图 8 弹丸冲击仿生靶标von Mises应力云图

Figure 8. Von Mises stress contour plot of the projectile impacting biomimetic target

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图 9 不同速度弹丸冲击仿生靶标数据变化曲线

Figure 9. Comparison of data curves for projectile impactingbiomimetic target across different velocities

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图 10 不同壁厚弹丸冲击仿生靶标数据变化曲线

Figure 10. Comparison of data curves for projectile impacting biomimetic target across different wall thicknesses

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表 1 弹丸外壳材料模型参数

Table 1. Material parameters of projectile shell

Material	ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	μ	G/MPa	C₁₀	C₀₁
Projectile shell	1030	0.49	19.53	5.473×10⁵	2.152×10⁵

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表 2 填充物材料模型参数

Table 2. Material parameters of filler

Material	ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	E/GPa	μ
Filler	1.104×10⁴	200	0.3

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表 3 表皮层材料模型参数^[30]

Table 3. Material parameters of the epidermis model^[30]

Material	ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	μ	E/MPa	S_RC	S_RP
Epidermis	1300	0.47	7.73	50	6

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表 4 真皮层材料模型参数^[30]

Table 4. Material parameters of dermal model^[30]

Material	ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	μ	G/MPa	C₁₀	C₀₁
Dermis	1030	0.48	2.548	6.89×10⁵	5.85×10⁵

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表 5 皮下组织与脂肪层材料模型参数^[30]

Table 5. Material parameters of subcutaneous tissue and fat model^[30]

Material	ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	K	N	M
Subcutaneous tissue and fat	920	5.00×10⁵	6.00	6.00

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表 6 刚性壁实验2种弹丸实验数据

Table 6. Experimental data of two types of projectiles in rigid wall experiment

Projectile	Mass/g	Velocity/(m·s⁻¹)	Impact force/N
Solid rubber projectile 1	29.49	56.20	4617.50
Solid rubber projectile 2	29.50	56.20	4888.40
Solid rubber projectile 3	29.44	56.80	4813.60
Lead shot projectile with 9 mm wall thickness 1	52.86	51.70	11848.70
Lead shot projectile with 9 mm wall thickness 2	51.73	51.50	11723.20
Lead shot projectile with 9 mm wall thickness 3	51.67	50.90	11422.10

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表 7 刚性壁材料模型参数

Table 7. Material parameters of rigid wall

Material	ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	$\mu $	E/GPa
Rigid wall	7850	0.3	200

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表 8 不同壁厚动能弹丸最小射击安全距离与皮肤穿透速度阈值

Table 8. Minimum shooting safety distance and skin penetration velocity threshold of kinetic projectiles with different wall thicknesses

Wall thickness/mm	Velocity/(m·s⁻¹)	Distance/m
5	45.03	122.40
7	51.99	64.62
9	59.50	31.26

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