工业电子雷管点火电阻能量转换特性及温度场仿真研究

李洪伟; 张立果; 周恩; 梁昊; 杨霖; 章万龙

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20251124

工业电子雷管点火电阻能量转换特性及温度场仿真研究

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251124

1.
安徽理工大学化工与爆破学院, 安徽淮南　232000
2.
淮南舜泰化工有限责任公司, 安徽淮南　232000

基金项目: 安徽高校自然科学研究项目（2022AH050838）

详细信息

作者简介:
李洪伟（1979－），男，硕士，教授，主要从事爆炸安全与控制爆破技术研究. E-mail：1227002529@qq.com

中图分类号: TJ453
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-07-07
- 修回日期: 2025-08-17
- 网络出版日期: 2025-08-21

Energy Conversion Characteristics and Temperature Field Simulation of Ignition Resistors for Industrial Electronic Detonators

1.
School of Chemical and Blasting Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, Anhui, China
2.
Huainan Shuntai Chemical Co., Ltd., Huainan 232000, Anhui, China

摘要

摘要: 为了研究点火电阻发火过程中温度的动态变化，解决储能电容-点火电阻体系的匹配性问题，通过电热实验、红外温度测量和数值模拟方法，对不同电容放电电压下点火电阻的电压-电流变化和温度变化进行测量，并结合未熔断样品的表面情况，确定点火电阻的临界熔断电压，得出点火电阻的电特性规律和温度变化规律。结果表明：在相同电压下，桥膜式直线型点火电阻的熔断时间最短；相同阻值下，桥膜式点火电阻的熔断时间和升温时间比桥丝式更短，能达到的最高温度也更高。数值仿真结果与实验数据吻合良好，验证了模型的准确性，同时揭示了桥丝式和桥膜式S型点火电阻在通电过程中热量易在拐角处积累并率先发生相变的规律。
- 电子雷管 /
- 点火电阻 /
- 焦耳热 /
- 熔断电压 /
- 温度分布 /
- COMSOL
Abstract: In order to study the dynamic changes of temperature during the ignition process of the ignition resistor and solve the matching problem of the energy storage capacitor-ignition resistor system, this study measures the voltage-current changes and temperature changes of the ignition resistor under different capacitor discharge voltages through electrothermal experiments, infrared temperature measurement and numerical simulation methods. Combined with the surface conditions of the unmelted samples, the critical fuse voltage of the ignition resistor was determined, and the law of the electrical characteristic curve and the temperature variation law of the ignition resistor were obtained. The results show that under the same voltage, the bridge membrane straight type has the shortest melting time. Under the same resistance value, the melting time and heating time of the bridge-film ignition resistor are shorter than those of the bridge-wire type, and the maximum temperature it can reach is also higher. For the bridge-wire type and bridge-film S type ignition resistors, heat is prone to accumulate at the corners and phase change occurs first during the power-on process.
- electronic detonator /
- ignition resistor /
- Joule heat /
- fuse voltage /
- temperature distribution /
- COMSOL

HTML全文

图 1 桥膜式点火电阻的显微图像

Figure 1. Microscope images of bridge-film ignition resistor

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图 2 桥膜式点火电阻的SEM图像

Figure 2. SEM images of bridge-film type ignition resistor

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图 3 待测样品

Figure 3. Samples to be tested

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图 4 实验测试系统示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the experimental testing system

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图 5 桥丝式点火电阻的几何模型

Figure 5. Geometric models of bridge-wire ignition resistors

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图 6 桥膜式点火电阻的几何模型

Figure 6. Geometry models of the bridge-film ignition resistors

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图 7 桥丝式点火元件的电压分布

Figure 7. Voltage distribution of bridge-wire ignition element

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图 8 桥膜式点火元件的电压分布

Figure 8. Voltage distribution of bridge-film ignition element

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图 9 点火电阻熔断时U-I-R曲线

Figure 9. U-I-R curves of ignition resistor fusing

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图 10 点火电阻未熔断时的U-I-R曲线

Figure 10. U-I-R curves of the unfused ignition resistor

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图 11 点火电阻的功率和能量曲线

Figure 11. Power and energy curves of the ignition resistor

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图 12 不同电压下点火电阻的输入能量及能量利用率

Figure 12. Input energy and energy utilization rate of ignition resistor at different voltages

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图 13 不同电压下点火电阻发火过程的温度变化

Figure 13. Temperature changes of ignition resistor during ignition process at different voltages

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图 14 不同电压下点火电阻的最高温度及升温时间变化

Figure 14. Changes in the highest temperature and heating time of the ignition resistor at different voltages

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图 15 实验后桥丝式点火电阻表面情况

Figure 15. Surface conditions of the bridge-wire ignition resistor after the experiment

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图 16 桥膜式点火电阻发火过程的高速摄影图像

Figure 16. High-speed photographic diagrams of the ignition process of the bridge-film ignition resistors

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图 17 实验后桥膜式点火电阻的表面形貌

Figure 17. Surface topography of the bridge-film ignition resistors after the experiment

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图 18 直径为30 μm的桥丝式点火电阻的温度分布云图

Figure 18. Temperature distribution of the bridge-wire ignition resistor with diameter of 30 μm

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图 19 桥丝式点火电阻桥区表面的平均温度变化

Figure 19. Variations of the average temperature of the bridge area of the bridge-wire ignition resistor

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图 20 S型桥膜的温度分布云图

Figure 20. Temperature distribution of the S type bridge-film

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图 21 桥膜式点火电阻桥区表面的平均温度变化

Figure 21. Variations of the average surface temperature of the bridge area of the bridge-film ignition resistor

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表 1 实验方案

Table 1. Experimental scheme

Sample	Igniter type	Dimension	Capacitor	Capacitor charging voltage/V
1	Bridge-wire igniter	$\varnothing $30 μm	Liquid aluminum capacitor	8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22
2	Bridge-wire igniter	$\varnothing $40 μm
3	Bridge-film igniter	Straight type
4	Bridge-film igniter	S type

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表 2 材料参数

Table 2. Material parameters

Materials	ρ_b/(kg·m⁻³)	c_p/(J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹)	k/(W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹)	ε	ρ₀/(Ω·m)	a/K⁻¹
Copper	8960	385	400.0	6.5	5.998×10⁻²	5.4×10⁻³
Ni-Cr alloy	8400			1.0	1.090×10⁻⁶	3.5×10⁻⁴
FR-4 substrate	1900	1369	0.3	4.5

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表 3 桥丝式点火电阻的主要尺寸

Table 3. Main dimensions of bridge-wire ignition resistor

Bridge-wire diameter/μm	Bridge-wire length/mm	Bridge spacing/mm
30	1.31	1.2
40	1.67	1.5

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表 4 桥膜式点火电阻的主要尺寸

Table 4. Main dimensions of bridge-film ignition resistors

Type	Length/μm	Width/μm	Thickness/μm	Spacing/μm
Straight type	590	80	4
S type	2350	80	4	170

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表 5 点火元件熔断结果

Table 5. Fusing results of ignition elements

Voltage/V	Bridge-wire igniter		Bridge-film igniter
Voltage/V	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4
8	Not fused	Not fused	Not fused	Not fused
10	Not fused	Not fused	Fusing	Not fused
12	Not fused	Not fused	Fusing	Not fused
14	Not fused	Not fused	Fusing	Fusing
16	Fusing	Not fused	Fusing	Fusing
18	Fusing	Not fused	Fusing	Fusing
20	Fusing	Not fused	Fusing	Fusing
22	Fusing	Not fused	Fusing	Fusing

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表 6 临界熔断电压

Table 6. Critical fuse voltage

Sample	Resistance value/Ω	Experimental value/V
1	2.03	15.28
2	Not fused	Not fused
3	1.92	8.35
4	7.89	13.62

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表 7 点火电阻的平均熔断时间

Table 7. Average fusing time of ignition resistor

Voltage/V	Fusing time of bridge-wire ignition resistor/μs		Fusing time of bridge-film ignition resistor/μs
Voltage/V	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4
8	Not fused	Not fused	Not fused	Not fused
10	Not fused	Not fused	153.0	Not fused
12	Not fused	Not fused	103.2	Not fused
14	Not fused	Not fused	65.6	373.6
16	645.7	Not fused	52.3	329.3
18	213.5	Not fused	47.6	205.7
20	166.2	Not fused	36.6	155.6
22	152.2	Not fused	31.1	129.2

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表 8 点火电阻的发火性能参数

Table 8. Ignition performance parameters of ignition resistors

Voltage/V	Q/mJ	Sample 1		Sample 2		Sample 3		Sample 4
Voltage/V	Q/mJ	E/mJ	η/%	E/mJ	η/%	E/mJ	η/%	E/mJ	η/%
8	3.20	2.17	64.54	1.34	39.86	2.60	77.33	1.81	53.84
10	5.00	3.24	64.80	2.23	44.60	2.49	49.80	2.82	56.40
12	7.20	4.74	65.83	3.42	47.50	2.51	34.86	4.21	58.47
14	9.80	6.65	67.86	4.95	50.51	2.55	26.02	5.67	57.86
16	12.80	7.47	58.36	6.87	53.67	2.73	21.33	6.34	49.53
18	16.20	8.41	51.91	8.96	55.31	3.13	19.32	5.46	33.70
20	20.00	9.51	47.55	11.47	57.35	3.45	17.25	4.72	23.60
22	24.20	10.98	45.37	14.23	58.76	3.34	13.80	5.37	22.19

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表 9 点火电阻温度测试结果统计

Table 9. Statistics of ignition resistor temperature test results

Voltage/V	Sample 1		Sample 2		Sample 3		Sample 4
Voltage/V	T_max/℃	Δt/μs	T_max/℃	Δt/μs	T_max/℃	Δt/μs	T_max/℃	Δt/μs
8	589.13	786.67	305.00		1322.50	380.00	366.36
10	849.15	723.33	390.24	650.00	1572.57	163.33	504.63	460.00
12	1137.10	683.33	552.75	570.00	1548.86	86.67	685.38	600.00
14	1372.34	2000.00	786.70	670.00	1573.82	76.67	1161.89	1793.33
16	1859.50	843.33	1015.09	676.67	1622.65	66.67	1489.12	1540.00
18	1788.21	320.00	1163.21	573.33	1810.25	53.33	1596.17	700.00
20	1884.61	196.67	1253.71	470.00	1858.31	50.00	1636.78	490.00
22	1918.36	150.00	1394.04	220.00	1860.95	40.00	1528.09	250.00

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表 10 桥丝熔断时间的实验值与仿真值的对比

Table 10. Comparison between the experimental and simulated values of the bridge-wire fusing time

Voltage/V	Fusing time
Voltage/V	Exp./μs	Sim./μs	Deviation/%
16	645.7	350.3	−45.75
18	213.5	201.1	−5.81
20	166.2	155.8	−6.26
22	152.2	141.4	−7.10

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表 11 桥膜熔断时间的实验值与仿真值对比

Table 11. Comparison of experimental and simulated values of bridge-film fusing time

Voltage/V	Experimental fusing time/μs		Simulated fusing time/μs		Deviation/%
Voltage/V	Straight type	S type	Straight type	S type	Straight type	S type
10	153.0		145.9		−4.64
12	103.2		96.2		−6.78
14	65.6	373.6	61.7	351.9	−5.95	−5.81
16	52.3	329.3	48.3	313.8	−7.65	−4.71
18	47.6	205.7	43.5	187.7	−8.61	−8.75
20	36.6	155.6	33.0	139.7	−9.84	−10.22
22	31.1	129.2	28.2	113.5	−9.32	−12.15

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