Research Progress in Multi-Boron-Carbon-Based High-Temperature Superconductors under High Pressures
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摘要: 超导材料在超导临界温度以下呈现出零电阻和完全抗磁性（迈斯纳效应）等独特的量子特性，这使其在能源输运和交通运输等多个领域具有革命性应用潜力。因此，突破液氮温区（77 K）的高温超导体探索始终是凝聚态物理领域的研究焦点。近年来，基于Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer（BCS）理论框架，人们发现，除了富氢超导体外，具有强共价键特征的轻质元素化合物（如硼碳基材料）也可以诱导产生强电子-声子耦合，从而实现超过液氮温区的超导电性，且在吉帕压强下表现出优异的结构稳定性。硼碳基超导体的相关研究，如MgB2及其衍生的层状硼碳基超导体、基于方钠石笼型结构的硼碳基超导体以及其他具有特殊结构的硼碳基超导体等，已经成为该领域的新兴研究热点。为此，聚焦近年来硼碳基超导体的研究进展，系统地介绍硼碳基超导体的超导机制，并展望未来在硼碳基化合物中探索高温超导体面临的挑战。Abstract: Superconductors would exhibit unique quantum properties below the critical transition temperatures, including zero-resistance and complete diamagnetism (the Meissner effect) and have potential revolutionary application in fields of energy transmission and transportation. Therefore, the exploration of high-temperature superconductors with transition temperature exceeding the liquid nitrogen boiling point (77 K) has remained a central issue in condensed matter physics. Based on the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theoretical framework, more studies reveal that the light-element compounds with strong covalent bonds (like boron-carbon-based systems) can also exhibit strong electron-phonon coupling, which is similar to the hydrogen rich superconductors. Moreover, it can show high superconducting transition temperatures and can display excellent structural stability under sub-megabar pressures. For example, the MgB2 and its derivatives, such as layered boron-carbon superconductors, sodalite-like cage-structured boron-carbon systems, and other boron-carbon-based superconductors, have received more attention in the field of boron-carbon-based superconductors. In this paper, we reviewed the recent progresses in boron-carbon-based superconductors, systematically analyzed the mechanism of its superconductivity, and discuss future challenges in discovering more high-temperature superconductors within this material family.
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图 2 压缩应变 ε=−4%下C2CaC2的声子谱（其权重为电声耦合强度）(a)以及不同压缩应变（ε=0, −2%, −4%）下的声子谱(b)、总投影态密度(c)、Eliashberg谱函数α2F(ω)和电声耦合函数 λ(ω) (d)[25]
Figure 2. Phonon spectra of C2CaC2 at compressive strain ε=−4%, and its weight is the magnitude of EPC (a), and phonon spectra (b), the total projected density of states (PhDOS)(c), Eliashberg spectral function α2F(ω), and EPC function λ(ω) (d) for the pristine and with compressive strain ε=0, −2%, −4%, respectively[25]
图 4 通过机械点接触光谱测得的TaC (a)和NbC (b)的电导曲线随温度的变化（插图表示零偏压电导G随温度T的变化[20]）以及在磁场H=20 Oe的条件下测得的Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2C (c)和Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2C0.8 (d)的零场冷却体积磁化率随温度的变化[32] （GN为归一化电导率，V为偏压，χ为磁化率，N为退磁因子）
Figure 4. Temperature-dependent conductance curves for mechanical point-contact spectroscopy (MPCS) on TaC (a) and NbC (b), where the insets show the zero-bias conductance (G) as a function of temperature[20]; temperature dependence of the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) magnetic susceptibility measured in a magnetic field (H) of 20 Oe for Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2C (c) and Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2C0.8 (d)[32] (GN, V, χ, N represents normalized conductance, bias voltage, magnetic susceptibility and demagnetization factor, respectively.)
图 10 MgB3C3的能带结构和DOS (a)、声子谱(b)以及沿G-Α方向（20.3 THz）的双重简并E′声子模式振动与电子之间的强耦合(c)[16]
Figure 10. Band structure and DOS (a), phonon spectra (b), and the strong coupling between the vibration of two fold phonons for double degenerate E′ mode along the G-Α direction (20.3 THz) and electrons (c) of MgB3C3[16]
图 11 (a) Tc随压强p变化的函数关系（插图展示了对数平均声子频率ωlog、费米面处电子态密度NF以及λ随压强变化的关系），(b)样品在不同压强下的多次冷却实验中归一化电阻（R/Rmax）变化曲线（插图展示了SrB3C3的Tc的实验结果）[18]
Figure 11. (a) Tc as a function of pressure (The pressure dependencies of the logarithmic mean phonon frequency ωlog, DOS at the Fermi surface NF, and λ are shown in insets.); (b) normalized resistance curves for several cooling runs at different pressures for samples (The inset shows the experimental Tc for SrB3C3)[18]
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