典型过渡金属碳化物（ⅣB～ⅥB族）的超高压制备研究进展

何瑞琦; 曾莹莹; 冷浩杰; 王润基; 彭放; 梁浩; 房雷鸣

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20251039

典型过渡金属碳化物（ⅣB～ⅥB族）的超高压制备研究进展

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251039

何瑞琦^{1, 2, 3,},
曾莹莹¹,
冷浩杰²,
王润基²,
彭放³,
梁浩^1,*, ,,
房雷鸣^2,*, ,

1.
西南科技大学数理学院, 四川绵阳　621010
2.
中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所, 四川绵阳　621999
3.
四川大学原子与分子物理研究所, 四川成都　610065

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12075215）；国家重点研发计划（2016YFA0401503）；科学挑战计划（TZ2016001）

详细信息

作者简介:
何瑞琦（1999－），男，博士研究生，主要从事高压下陶瓷材料的合成与性质研究. E-mail：heruiqi105@163.com

通讯作者:
梁　浩（1991－），男，博士，副教授，主要从事高压物理研究. E-mail：lianghao@swust.edu.cn

房雷鸣（1980－），男，博士，研究员，主要从事高压物理与高压中子衍射技术研究. E-mail：flmyaya2008@163.com

中图分类号: O521.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-26
- 修回日期: 2025-03-25
- 录用日期: 2025-06-05
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-01
- 刊出日期: 2025-09-05

Research Progress on the Ultra-High Pressure Preparation of Typical Transition Metal Carbides (Group ⅣB −ⅥB)

HE Ruiqi^{1, 2, 3
,},
ZENG Yingying¹,
LENG Haojie²,
WANG Runji²,
PENG Fang³,
LIANG Hao^{1,*
, ,},
FANG Leiming^{2,*
, ,}

1.
School of Mathematics and Physics, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
2.
Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
3.
Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 过渡金属碳化物具有高硬度、高熔点、高电导率、耐腐蚀等优异的综合性能，在航空航天、切削加工等极端环境领域具有广阔的应用前景。由于过渡金属碳化物具有强共价键和低扩散系数，其烧结制备所需的温度极高，制备高致密度且性能优异的块体陶瓷具有挑战性。高温高压烧结方法具有可有效降低烧结温度、缩短烧结时间、抑制晶粒生长、提高致密化程度并保持物相纯净等优点。本文从高温高压合成角度，综述了数种典型过渡金属碳化物（ⅣB～ⅥB族）的制备、力学性能、微观机制的研究进展，总结并展望了过渡金属碳化物陶瓷的应用前景和未来发展方向。
- 过渡金属碳化物 /
- 高温高压烧结 /
- 维氏硬度 /
- 弹性性质
Abstract: Transition metal carbides (TMCs) exhibit exceptional properties, including high hardness, high melting point, excellent electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance, making them promising candidates for extreme environments such as aerospace and cutting tools. However, the strong covalent bonding and low diffusion coefficients inherent to TMCs necessitate extremely high sintering temperatures, posing significant challenges for fabricating dense bulk ceramics with superior properties. The high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) sintering technique offers distinct advantages, effectively lowering sintering temperatures, reducing processing times, suppressing grain growth, enhancing densification, and preserving phase purity. This review summarizes recent advances in the HPHT synthesis, mechanical properties, and underlying mechanisms of several typical TMCs (Groups ⅣB to ⅥB). The application prospects and future research directions for TMC ceramics are also discussed and outlined.
- transition metal carbides /
- high pressure and high temperature sintering /
- Vickers hardness /
- elastic properties

HTML全文

图 1 烧结HfC陶瓷的高温高压组装

Figure 1. High-pressure and high-temperature assembly of sintered HfC ceramics

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图 2 烧结HfC陶瓷的力学性能（右上插图为施加29.4 N载荷产生的维氏压痕的SEM图像）^{[25, 32]}

Figure 2. Mechanical properties of sintered HfC ceramics (Upper right inset: SEM image of Vickers indentation produced under a load of 29.4 N)^{[25, 32]}

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图 3 烧结HfC陶瓷的位错和晶界结构^[32]

Figure 3. Dislocation and grain boundary structures of sintered HfC samples^[32]

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图 4 HfC和TaC陶瓷的高压超声测量组装以及高压下的声速和弹性^[26]

Figure 4. High-pressure ultrasonic measurement assembly for HfC and TaC ceramics and their sound velocity and elasticity under high pressure^[26]

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图 5 在9～14 GPa、1 500 ℃下烧结的TiC陶瓷的维氏硬度和断裂韧性(a)、相对密度(b)和断裂面扫描电镜图像(c)^[41]

Figure 5. Vickers hardness and fracture toughness (a), relative density (b), and a SEM image of the fracture surface (c) of TiC ceramics sintered at 9–14 GPa and 1 500 ℃^[41]

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图 6 在5 GPa压力、不同温度下烧结的ZrC的相对密度、力学性能和SEM图像^{[12, 42, 46–48]}

Figure 6. Relative density, mechanical properties, and SEM image of ZrC at various consolidation temperatures under 5 GPa^{[12, 42, 46–48]}

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图 7 高温高压烧结的TaC陶瓷的力学性能和扫描电镜表征^[55]

Figure 7. Mechanical properties and SEM characterization of TaC ceramics sintered at high pressure and high temperature^[55]

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图 8 高温高压烧结的VC的相对密度、力学性能和SEM图像^[59]

Figure 8. Relative density, mechanical properties, and SEM image of VC by high pressure and high temperature sintering^[59]

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图 9 在1 200～1 500 ℃、5.0 GPa烧结的NbC陶瓷的维氏硬度（插图为1 400 ℃、5.0 GPa条件下合成的样品在不同加载的硬度）^[63]

Figure 9. Vickers hardness of NbC ceramics sintered at 1 200–1 500 ℃ and 5.0 GPa (Inset: Vickers hardness of the sample sintered at 1400 ℃ and 5.0 GPa as a function of applied load)^[63

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图 10 在900～1 900 ℃、15 GPa下烧结的Mo₂C的TEM表征、相对密度、杨氏模量、断裂韧性和维氏硬度^[67]

Figure 10. TEM characterization, relative density, Young’s modulus, fracture toughness, and Vickers hardness of Mo₂C sintered at 900–1 900 ℃ and 15 GPa^[67]

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图 11 在15 GPa、不同温度下烧结的Cr₃C₂的相对密度、维氏硬度和断裂韧性^[74]

Figure 11. Relative density, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of Cr₃C₂ at various consolidation temperatures under 15 GPa^[74]

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图 12 15 GPa、1 700 ℃下烧结的Cr₃C₂陶瓷的硬度、断裂面SEM图像、高压下的声速和弹性性质^{[71–74, 78, 81]}

Figure 12. Vickers hardness, SEM image of the fracture surface, sound velocities, and elastic properties of Cr₃C₂ ceramics sintered at 15 GPa and 1 700 ℃^{[71–74, 78, 81]}

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图 13 高温高压烧结的WC陶瓷的力学性能和SEM、TEM表征^[85–86]

Figure 13. Mechanical properties and SEM, TEM characterization of WC ceramics sintered by high pressure and high temperature method^[85–86]

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表 1 典型过渡金属碳化物的烧结工艺参数、合成条件与性能的对比

Table 1. Comparison of sintering parameters, synthesis conditions, and performances of typical transition metal carbides

TMCs	Synthetic method	Synthesis condition	Vickers hardness/GPa	E/GPa	K_IC/ (MPa·m^1/2)	Relative density/%	Thermal stability/℃
TiC	SPS	1 650 ℃, 100 MPa^[38–39]	25.7/27			97.9/95.1
	HFIHS	80 MPa^[16]	25.7			99
	PS	1 700 ℃^[40]	20.3			95.7
	HPHT	1 500 ℃, 14 GPa^[41]	31.2		4.2	99.7
ZrC	SPS	1 850 ℃, 100 MPa^[42]	20.4	376	1.8	98
	SPS	1 800 ℃, 40 MPa^[43]	17.6		3.3	95.5
	PS	2 100 ℃^[89]	8.9			94.4
	HPHT	1 300 ℃, 5 GPa^[44]	27.4	412	4.3	98.2	713
HfC	SPS	2 200 ℃, 65 MPa^[31]	19	500		98
	SPS	2 300 ℃, 38 MPa^[13]	10.2	283	2.9	85
	HPS	1 900 ℃, 30 MPa^[10]	5.79		1.88	89
	HPHT	1 700 ℃, 15 GPa^[32]	25.8	455	5.5	99.5	860
VC	HPHT	1 100 ℃, 5 GPa^[59]	30.4	544	5.4	99.8	655
NbC	HPHT	1400 ℃, 5 GPa^[63]	19.2		7.7	99.4
TaC	SPS	2 350 ℃, 38 MPa^[13]	13.9	458	2.7	98
	HPS	2 300 ℃, 30 MPa^[52]	14		3	94
	HPS	2 000 ℃, 40 MPa^[54]	15.7		4.1	97
	HFIHS	80 MPa^[53]	22		5.1	96
	HPHT	1 300 ℃, 5.5 GPa^[56]	21	457		97.7
Cr₃C₂	HPS	1 300 ℃, 40 MPa^[70]	18.5		5.6
	HIP	1 330 ℃, 150 MPa^[70]	17		5
	GPCS	727 ℃, 100 MPa^[71]	18		5.6
	PECPS	1 300 ℃, 30 MPa^[72]	18.9		7.1	98.9
	HPHT	1 700 ℃, 15 GPa^[74]	24	459	4.9	99
Mo₂C	HPS	1 550 ℃, 50 MPa^[66]	16	400		100
Mo₂C	HPHT	1 100 ℃, 15 GPa^[67]	23	397	3.9	99.8	655
WC	SPS	1 400 ℃, 80 MPa^[88]	27		7.2	99.3
	HPHT	1 500 ℃, 5 GPa^[85]	29.3		8.9	99.2
	HPHT	1 300 ℃, 10 GPa^[86]	33		6.6

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