氮化硅含量对现场混装乳化炸药爆炸性能的影响

朱正德; 刘锋; 匡照; 符家坤

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20251031

氮化硅含量对现场混装乳化炸药爆炸性能的影响

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251031

朱正德^1,,
刘锋^1,*, ,,
匡照²,
符家坤¹

1.
安徽理工大学化工与爆破学院, 安徽淮南　232001
2.
湖北帅力化工有限公司, 湖北咸宁　437000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（51134012）

详细信息

作者简介:
朱正德（1999－），男，硕士研究生，主要从事现场混装乳化炸药性能研究. E-mail：1139399044@qq.com

通讯作者:
刘　锋（1976－），男，博士，副教授，主要从事民用爆破器材及爆炸效应研究. E-mail：hyli@aust.edu.cn

中图分类号: O521.9; TQ564.4
计量
- 文章访问数: 503
- HTML全文浏览量: 96
- PDF下载量: 19
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-21
- 修回日期: 2025-03-18
- 网络出版日期: 2025-03-19
- 刊出日期: 2025-10-05

Influence of Silicon Nitride Content on Explosive Performance of Bulk Emulsion Explosive

ZHU Zhengde^1
,,
LIU Feng^{1,*
, ,},
KUANG Zhao²,
FU Jiakun¹

1.
School of Chemical and Blasting Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
2.
Hubei Shuaili Chemical Co., Ltd., Xianning 437000, Hubei, China

摘要

摘要: 为了提高现场混装乳化炸药的爆炸性能，将氮元素含量丰富的氮化硅引入炸药，通过空中爆炸、爆速和铅柱压缩实验，测定氮化硅含量对现场混装乳化炸药空中冲击波参数、爆速和猛度的影响。实验结果表明，随着氮化硅的质量分数从0%提升至1.2%：炸药密度由1.02 g/cm³提升至1.11 g/cm³，空中冲击波压力峰值由0.1156 MPa提升至0.2977 MPa再下降到0.2408 MPa，最大峰值为最小值的2.58倍；比冲量由9.22 Pa·s提升至23.00 Pa·s，而后下降到19.59 Pa·s，最大比冲量为最小值的2.49倍；爆速则呈现先下降至3265.66 m/s后上升至4830.60 m/s再下降至4541.51 m/s的变化趋势，最大爆速为最小值的1.48倍；猛度由13.86 mm提升至19.40 mm再缩减到17.18 mm，最大猛度为最小值的1.40倍。实验结果显示，氮化硅能够提高现场混装乳化炸药的爆炸性能，对现场混装乳化炸药配方优化设计具有一定的参考意义。
- 乳化炸药 /
- 现场混装 /
- 氮化硅 /
- 爆炸性能 /
- 猛度
Abstract: Silicon nitride, with high nitrogen content, was added to improve the explosive performance of bulk emulsion explosive. The influence of silicon nitride content on the air shock wave parameters, detonation velocity, and brisance was investigated by air blast experiments, detonation velocity tests, and lead column compression experiments. The results showed that: with the silicon nitride mass fraction increasing from 0% to 1.2%, the density of the explosive increased from 1.02 g/cm³ to 1.11 g/cm³, the air shock wave pressure peak increased from 0.1156 MPa to 0.2977 MPa and then decreased to 0.2408 MPa, with the maximum peak value being 2.58 times that of the minimum. The specific impulse increased from 9.22 Pa·s to 23.00 Pa·s and then decreased to 19.59 Pa·s, with the maximum specific impulse being 2.49 times that of the minimum value. The detonation velocity showed a trend of decreasing to 3265.66 m/s, then increasing to 4830.60 m/s, and finally decreasing to 4541.51 m/s, with the maximum detonation velocity being 1.48 times that of the minimum. The brisance increased from 13.86 mm to 19.40 mm and then decreased to 17.18 mm, with the maximum brisance being 1.40 times that of the minimum. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that silicon nitride can improve the explosive performance of bulk emulsion explosives, which is of reference significance for the optimal design of bulk emulsion explosives formulations.
- emulsion explosive /
- on-site mixed /
- silicon nitride /
- detonation performance /
- brisance

HTML全文

图 1 现场混装乳化基质

Figure 1. On-site mixed bulk emulsion matrix

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 空中爆炸冲击波测试系统

Figure 2. Airborne explosive shockwave test system

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 爆速测试系统

Figure 3. Detonation velocity test system

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 猛度测试系统

Figure 4. Brisance test system

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 炸药样品的微观结构

Figure 5. Microstructure of explosive samples

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 乳化炸药空中爆炸压力-时间曲线

Figure 6. Pressure-time curves of emulsion explosives in air explosion

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 Si₃N₄的质量分数、敏化剂的质量分数与超压峰值的拟合曲面

Figure 7. Fitted surfaces of Si₃N₄ mass fraction, sensitization mass fraction, and sample peak pressure

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 比冲量的变化趋势

Figure 8. Trend of specific impulses

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 Si₃N₄的爆轰反应机理

Figure 9. Silicon nitride burst reaction mechanism

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 爆速的变化趋势

Figure 10. Trend of detonation velocity

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 猛度变化趋势

Figure 11. Trend of brisance

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 现场混装乳化炸药原材料和爆炸产物的物化参数

Table 1. Physicochemical parameters of raw materials and explosive products of field mixed emulsion explosives

Material	Relative molecular mass/(g·mol⁻¹)	Heat of formation/(kJ·mol⁻¹)	Oxygen balance/(g·g⁻¹)
NH₄NO₃	80.04	353.46	0.20
NaNO₃	84.99	462.66	0.47
H₂O	18.01	286.20	0
C₁₈H₃₈	254.51	558.96	−3.46
C₁₆H₃₂	224.44	661.55	−3.42
C₂₄H₄₄O₆	428.63	894.52	−2.39
Si₃N₄	140.28	751.57	−0.68
SiO₂	60.08	910.90	0
N₂	28.01	0	0
CO	28.01	111.47	−0.57
CO₂	44.01	393.50	0
Na₂O	61.98	414.22	0

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 爆炸参数理论计算结果

Table 2. Theoretical calculation results of explosion parameters

Sample	n_OB/(g·g⁻¹)	Q_V/(kJ·kg⁻¹)	v_D/(m·s⁻¹)	p/GPa	T_B/K
0	−0.0718	2491.29	4380.92	4.90	2044.30
1	−0.0732	2519.71	4404.29	4.96	2058.13
2	−0.0745	2548.13	4427.51	5.01	2071.89
3	−0.0772	2604.98	4473.51	5.11	2099.19
4	−0.0800	2661.82	4518.93	5.22	2126.22

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 炸药样品的密度

Table 3. Density of explosive samples

Sensitizer mass fraction/%	Explosive sample density/(g·cm⁻³)
Sensitizer mass fraction/%	Sample 0	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4
0.30	1.02	1.03	1.07	1.09	1.11
0.45	0.93	0.95	0.97	1.01	1.05

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 不同炸药样品的空中冲击波参数

Table 4. Parameters of the airborne shock wave of different explosive samples

Sample	Sensitizer mass fraction/%	Peak pressure/MPa	Positive pressure time/μs	Specific impulse/(Pa·s)
0	0.30	0.1364	229.92	9.22
0	0.45	0.1156	243.37	10.38
1	0.30	0.2576	292.87	19.04
1	0.45	0.2352	268.97	20.70
2	0.30	0.2977	270.56	23.00
2	0.45	0.2653	310.34	22.74
3	0.30	0.2888	267.74	22.46
3	0.45	0.2776	297.31	22.46
4	0.30	0.2558	310.48	21.99
4	0.45	0.2408	301.37	19.59

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 不同炸药样品的爆速

Table 5. Detonation velocity of different explosive samples

Sample	Sensitizer mass fraction/%	Experimental detonation velocity/(m·s⁻¹)	Theoretical detonation velocity/(m·s⁻¹)
0	0.30	3654.62	4380.92
0	0.45	3867.45	4380.92
1	0.30	3236.24	4404.29
1	0.45	3265.66	4404.29
2	0.30	3968.25	4427.51
2	0.45	3692.76	4427.51
3	0.30	4440.50	4473.51
3	0.45	4830.60	4473.51
4	0.30	4332.76	4518.93
4	0.45	4541.51	4518.93

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 不同炸药样品的猛度

Table 6. Brisance of different explosive samples

Sample	Sensitizer mass fraction/%	Brisance/mm
0	0.30	13.86
0	0.45	13.59
1	0.30	17.15
1	0.45	16.03
2	0.30	18.45
2	0.45	18.41
3	0.30	19.30
3	0.45	19.40
4	0.30	17.16
4	0.45	17.18

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(38)

[1]	汪旭光. 乳化炸药 [M]. 2版. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2008. WANG X G. Emulsion explosives [M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2008.
[2]	钱海. 铝粉对乳化炸药爆炸性能和热安定性的影响 [D]. 淮南: 安徽理工大学, 2017. QIAN H. Effect of aluminum powder on detonation performance and thermal stability of emulsion explosives [D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2017.
[3]	YUNOSHEV A S, PLASTININ A V, VORONIN M S. Effect of aluminum additive on the detonation velocity and acceleration ability of an emulsion explosive [J]. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2021, 57(6): 719–725. doi: 10.1134/S0010508221060113
[4]	MISHRA A K, AGRAWAL H, RAUT M. Effect of aluminum content on detonation velocity and density of emulsion explosives [J]. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 2019, 25(3): 70. doi: 10.1007/s00894-019-3961-3
[5]	龚悦, 何杰, 汪旭光, 等. 钛粉对乳化炸药爆轰性能和热分解特性的影响 [J]. 含能材料, 2017, 25(4): 304–308. doi: 10.11943/j.issn.1006-9941.2017.04.006 GONG Y, HE J, WANG X G, et al. Influence of titanium powder on detonation performances and thermal decomposition characteristics of emulsion explosive [J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2017, 25(4): 304–308. doi: 10.11943/j.issn.1006-9941.2017.04.006
[6]	程扬帆, 汪泉, 龚悦, 等. MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的制备及其爆轰性能 [J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(4): 1734–1739. doi: 10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20161341 CHENG Y F, WANG Q, GONG Y, et al. Preparation and detonation properties of MgH₂ type of composite sensitized emulsion explosives [J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(4): 1734–1739. doi: 10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20161341
[7]	程扬帆, 汪泉, 龚悦, 等. 敏化方式对MgH₂型储氢乳化炸药爆轰性能的影响 [J]. 含能材料, 2017, 25(2): 167–172. doi: 10.11943/j.issn.1006-9941.2017.02.013 CHENG Y F, WANG Q, GONG Y, et al. Effect of sensitizing methods on the detonation performances of MgH₂-based hydrogen storage emulsion explosives [J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2017, 25(2): 167–172. doi: 10.11943/j.issn.1006-9941.2017.02.013
[8]	CHENG Y F, MA H H, LIU R, et al. Explosion power and pressure desensitization resisting property of emulsion explosives sensitized by MgH₂ [J]. Journal of Energetic Materials, 2014, 32(3): 207–218. doi: 10.1080/07370652.2013.818078
[9]	CHENG Y F, MENG X R, FENG C T, et al. The effect of the hydrogen containing material TiH₂ on the detonation characteristics of emulsion explosives [J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2017, 42(6): 585–591. doi: 10.1002/prep.201700045
[10]	WANG F, MA H H, SHEN Z W. Experimental study on the effect of titanium hydride content on the detonation performance of emulsion explosives [J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2024, 49(2): e202300235. doi: 10.1002/prep.202300235
[11]	LIU R, WANG X G, WANG H, et al. Thermal decomposition behaviors and reaction mechanism of emulsion explosive with the addition of TiH₂ powders [J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2025, 65: 105583. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105583
[12]	张续, 吴红波, 张洪, 等. 油相材料对现场混装乳化炸药性能的影响 [J]. 安徽化工, 2019, 45(4): 65–67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-553X.2019.04.021 ZHANG X, WU H B, ZHANG H, et al. Effect of oil phase materials on the performance of field mixed emulsion explosive [J]. Anhui Chemical Industry, 2019, 45(4): 65–67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-553X.2019.04.021
[13]	刘锋, 何祥, 吴攀宇, 等. 内相粒径对现场混装乳化炸药爆炸性能的影响 [J]. 火炸药学报, 2023, 46(9): 825–833. doi: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202211024 LIU F, HE X, WU P Y, et al. Effect of internal phase particle size on explosion performance of on-site mixed emulsion explosive [J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2023, 46(9): 825–833. doi: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202211024
[14]	牛草原, 黄文尧, 刘小辉, 等. 多孔粒状硝酸铵质量分数对现场混装乳化炸药的性能影响 [J]. 火炸药学报, 2023, 46(11): 999–1006. doi: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202302017 NIU C Y, HUANG W Y, LIU X H, et al. Influence of porous granular ammonium nitrate content on the performance of field mixed emulsion explosive [J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2023, 46(11): 999–1006. doi: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202302017
[15]	匡照. 氮化铝质量分数对现场混装乳化炸药性能的影响 [D]. 淮南: 安徽理工大学, 2024. KUANG Z. Effect of aluminum nitride content on the performance of field-mixed emulsion explosives [D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2024.
[16]	郇昌天, 李强, 蒋丹宇. 氮化硅陶瓷的应用和酸腐蚀研究进展 [J]. 现代技术陶瓷, 2011, 32(3): 3–8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-1198.2011.03.002 HUAN C T, LI Q, JIANG D Y. Application of Si₃N₄ and research progress on corrosion behavior [J]. Advanced Ceramics, 2011, 32(3): 3–8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-1198.2011.03.002
[17]	陈思员, 姜贵庆, 俞继军, 等. 氮化硅的氧化机制研究 [J]. 宇航材料工艺, 2010, 40(1): 28–31. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2330.2010.01.007 CHEN S Y, JIANG G Q, YU J J, et al. Oxidation mechanism study of silicon nitride [J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2010, 40(1): 28–31. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2330.2010.01.007
[18]	刘胜, 王营营, 满延进, 等. 氮化硅粉改性及其陶瓷高温摩擦磨损性能研究 [J]. 陶瓷学报, 2024, 45(1): 139–149. doi: 10.13957/j.cnki.tcxb.2024.01.014 LIU S, WANG Y Y, MAN Y J, et al. Modification of silicon nitride powders and friction and wear properties of ceramics at high temperature [J]. Journal of Ceramics, 2024, 45(1): 139–149. doi: 10.13957/j.cnki.tcxb.2024.01.014
[19]	黄勇, 代建清, 许兴利, 等. 氮化硅粉体的表面化学性质和水中的胶体特性 [J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2000, 19(2): 35–42, 28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1625.2000.02.011 HUANG Y, DAI J Q, XU X L, et al. Surface characteristics and aqueous colloidal chemistry of silicon nitride powder [J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2000, 19(2): 35–42, 28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1625.2000.02.011
[20]	王月隆. 氮化硅粉体合成及其高导热陶瓷的组织与性能研究 [D]. 北京: 北京科技大学, 2022. WANG Y L. Research on powder preparation and microstructure and properties of silicon nitride ceramics with high thermal conductivity [D]. Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2022.
[21]	黄寅生. 炸药理论 [M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2016. HUANG Y S. Explosives theory [M]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 2016.
[22]	刘锋, 匡照, 吴攀宇, 等. 内相粒径对现场混装乳化炸药热感度的影响 [J]. 火炸药学报, 2022, 45(5): 697–702. doi: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202204018 LIU F, KUANG Z, WU P Y, et al. Effect of internal phase particle size on thermal sensitivity of on-site mixed emulsion explosive [J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2022, 45(5): 697–702. doi: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202204018
[23]	崔雪峰, 刘万义, 孟祥宇, 等. 乳化炸药的配方设计与应用评价 [J]. 采矿技术, 2021, 21(1): 27–29, 36. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2900.2021.01.009 CUI X F, LIU W Y, MENG X Y, et al. Formulation design and application evaluation of emulsion explosive [J]. Mining Technology, 2021, 21(1): 27–29, 36. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2900.2021.01.009
[24]	崔鑫. 乳化炸药热稳定性研究 [D]. 淮南: 安徽理工大学, 2007. CUI X. Study of thermal stability of emulsion explosive [D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2007.
[25]	刘锋, 汪全, 吴攀宇, 等. 内相粒径对现场混装乳化炸药基质抗振动性能的影响 [J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(9): 4217–4225. doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20220742 LIU F, WANG Q, WU P Y, et al. Effect of internal phase particle size on vibration resistance of on-site mixed emulsion explosive matrix [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(9): 4217–4225. doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20220742
[26]	国家技术监督局. 炸药猛度试验铅柱压缩法: GB/T 12440—1990 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1990.
[27]	CALIFANO V, CALABRIA R, MASSOLI P. Experimental evaluation of the effect of emulsion stability on micro-explosion phenomena for water-in-oil emulsions [J]. Fuel, 2014, 117: 87–94. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.073
[28]	HAMPSHIRE S, POMEROY M J. Silicon nitride grain boundary glasses: chemistry, structure and properties [J]. Key Engineering Materials, 2011, 484: 46–51. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.484.46
[29]	隋智通. 硅氮化反应的平衡及动力学研究 [J]. 东北工学院学报, 1980(1): 31–38. SUI Z T. Equilibrations and kinetics of silicon nitridation [J]. Journal of Northeast Institute of Technology, 1980(1): 31–38.
[30]	向茂乔, 耿玉琦, 朱庆山. 氮化硅粉体制备技术及粉体质量研究进展 [J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(1): 73–84. doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20210866 XIANG M Q, GENG Y Q, ZHU Q S. Research advances in preparation technology and quality of silicon nitride powder [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(1): 73–84. doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20210866
[31]	黄文尧, 颜事龙. 炸药化学与制造 [M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2009. HUANG W Y, YAN S L. Explosives chemistry and production [M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2009.
[32]	杨胜晖, 郑波. 含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量结构研究 [J]. 爆破器材, 2019, 48(2): 20–24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8352.2019.02.004 YANG S H, ZHENG B. Explosion energy structure of aluminized thermobaric explosive [J]. Explosive Materials, 2019, 48(2): 20–24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8352.2019.02.004
[33]	许祖熙, 段卫东, 刘瑞, 等. 铝粉质量分数及颗粒度对乳化炸药做功能力的影响 [J]. 工程爆破, 2017, 23(6): 86–90. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7051.2017.06.019 XU Z X, DUAN W D, LIU R, et al. The effect of aluminum content and granularity on workability of emulsion explosives [J]. Engineering Blasting, 2017, 23(6): 86–90. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7051.2017.06.019
[34]	XIE R J, MITOMO M, HUANG L P, et al. Joining of silicon nitride ceramics for high-temperature applications [J]. Journal of Materials Research, 2000, 15(1): 136–141. doi: 10.1557/JMR.2000.0023
[35]	NARUSHIMA T, GOTO T, HAGIWARA J, et al. High-temperature oxidation of chemically vapor-deposited silicon nitride in a carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide atmosphere [J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1994, 77(11): 2921–2925. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04525.x
[36]	何志伟, 朱文宇, 葛玉强, 等. 铝灰替代含铝乳化炸药中铝粉的可行性研究 [J]. 爆破器材, 2023, 52(2): 32–38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8352.2023.02.006 HE Z W, ZHU W Y, GE Y Q, et al. Feasibility study on substitution of aluminum powder in aluminized emulsion explosive with aluminum ash [J]. Explosive Materials, 2023, 52(2): 32–38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8352.2023.02.006
[37]	WANG Y X, MA H H, SHEN Z W, et al. Detonation characteristics of emulsion explosives sensitized by hydrogen-storage glass microballoons [J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2018, 43(9): 939–947. doi: 10.1002/prep.201800044
[38]	CHENG Y F, YAO Y L, LI D Y, et al. Effects of boron powders on the detonation performance of emulsion explosives [J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2023, 48(3): e202200277. doi: 10.1002/prep.202200277