Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors of High Strength Steel Based on Taylor Rod
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摘要: 利用反向Taylor杆撞击实验和数值模拟方法研究了30CrMnSiNi2A钢在高应变率冲击下的动态特性。首先，在Taylor杆冲击实验的基础上，采用Johnson-Cook本构模型和失效模型，对30CrMnSiNi2A钢的反向Taylor杆撞击进行了数值模拟，并将数值模拟结果与实验得到的杆件自由面速度曲线进行对比验证，两者吻合良好。然后，研究了不同长径比的30CrMnSiNi2A钢杆件对反向Taylor杆撞击实验中任意反射面激光干涉测速技术（velocity interferometer system for any reflector，VISAR）测试结果的影响，得到了适用于VISAR测试的Taylor杆长径比范围。最后，运用应力三轴度及损伤度分析了Taylor杆的断裂破坏机理和变形模式，得到了镦粗、蘑菇状变形、花瓣状开裂3种变形模式，并分析了杆件断裂破坏的原因。结果表明：Taylor杆撞击端中心破坏是由于材料受压引起，而撞击端边缘开裂是由于材料处于拉伸状态造成的，且断裂先从边缘开始。
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关键词:
- 反向Taylor杆 /
- Johnson-Cook本构模型 /
- 应力三轴度 /
- 断裂破坏机理
Abstract: The dynamic mechanical properties of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel under high strain rate impact were studied using both Taylor rod impact experiment and numerical simulation. Based on the result of Taylor rod impact experiment, the Johnson-Cook constitutive model and failure model were utilized to simulate the free surface velocity of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel under Taylor rod impact. The numerical simulation results were then compared with the experimental free surface velocity profiles obtained, demonstrating a high degree of congruence. Subsequently, the influence of Taylor rod specimens with varying length-to-diameter ratios (l/d) on the outcome of velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) test within the reverse Taylor rod impact test was examined. The study identified the optimal l/d range for Taylor rod that are suitable for VISAR testing. Employing the concepts of stress traxiality and damage number, the fracture failure mechanism and deformation mode of the Taylor rod were analyzed. Three distinct deformation modes were identified: rough deformation, mushroom deformation, and petal cracking. The analysis of the Taylor rod’s fracture failure mechanism has elucidated that the failure occurring at the central region of the sample is predominantly a result of compressive forces. Conversely, the cracking observed at the periphery of the sample is primarily attributed to the influence of tensile forces. It was also observed that fractures of the Taylor rod initiate preferentially at the edge. -
图 1 采用VISAR测试技术的反向Taylor撞击实验装置及示意图
Figure 1. Reverse Taylor impact experimental setup and schematic diagram using VISAR testing technology
图 3 反向Taylor杆自由面速度时程曲线
Figure 3. Reverse Taylor rod free surface velocity-time history curves
图 4 Taylor杆自由面速度时程曲线对比
Figure 4. Comparison of free surface velocity-time history curves for Taylor rods
图 5 撞击速度为400 m/s的Taylor杆的等效塑性应变分布和结构变形
Figure 5. Equivalent plastic strain distribution and structural deformation of Taylor rod with impact velocity of 400 m/s
图 6 Taylor杆撞击中2个阶段的几何变形
Figure 6. Geometric deformation in two stages of Taylor impact
图 7 不同长径比杆件的自由表面速度
Figure 7. Free surface velocity of rods with different aspect ratios
图 8 不同长径比杆件屈服点处的自由表面速度
Figure 8. Free surface velocity at the yield point of rods with different aspect ratios
图 9 横向应力测试点所取单元位置(1/4模型)
Figure 9. Element positions taken for lateral stress testing points (1/4 model)
图 10 不同长径比条件下自由面附近内部单元横向应力曲线
Figure 10. Lateral stress curves of internal elements near free surfaces with different aspect ratios
图 12 不同撞击速度下Taylor杆的变形
Figure 12. Deformation of Taylor rod at different impact velocities
图 13 Taylor杆撞击断面的三点塑性应变历程（380 m/s）
Figure 13. Three point plastic strain history of Taylor rod impact section (380 m/s)
图 14 Taylor杆两点的应力三轴度历程与损伤云图（380 m/s）
Figure 14. Stress triaxiality history and damage cloud map of Taylor rod at two points (380 m/s)
图 15 Taylor杆撞击端边缘点和中心点的应力三轴度历程（400 m/s）
Figure 15. Stress triaxiality history of Taylor rod impact end edge point and centre point (400 m/s)
图 16 2种撞击速度下的Taylor杆蘑菇状变形
Figure 16. Mushroom shaped deformation of Taylor rod at two different impact velocities
图 22 4个典型失效单元的应力三轴度历程及应力状态对裂纹损伤的贡献
Figure 22. Stress triaxiality history and damage contribution of stress states of four typical failure elements in cracks
表 1 反向Taylor实验参数
Table 1. Reverse Taylor experiment parameters
v/(m·s−1) Flyer size/(mm×mm) Taylor rod size/(mm×mm) Length-diameter ratio of Taylor rod 273 $\varnothing $24×12 $\varnothing $5×40.0 8.0 400 $\varnothing $24×12 $\varnothing $5×40.0 8.0 
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表 2 30CrMnSiNi2A钢反向Taylor实验参数
Table 2. Reverse Taylor experimental parameters of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel
v/(m·s−1) ufs/(m·s−1) up/(m·s−1) $ {\sigma _{\rm{Y}}} $/MPa $ \varepsilon $/10−3 $ \dot \varepsilon $/s−1 273 77.10 38.55 1 560 8.34 4 109 400 77.85 38.93 1 600 8.42 4 617
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表 3 30CrMnSiNi2A钢[15]和304不锈钢的材料参数
Table 3. Material parameters of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel[15] and 304 stainless steel
Material ρ/(g·cm−3) E/GPa A/GPa B/GPa C n m 30CrMnSiNi2A steel[15] 7.8 217 1.58 0.38 0.020 0.245 1.06 304 stainless steel 7.8 207 0.34 0.25 0.014 0.210 1.03
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表 4 Taylor杆尺寸
Table 4. Taylor rod size
Flyer size/(mm×mm) l/d Taylor rod size/(mm×mm) Flyer size/(mm×mm) l/d Taylor rod size/(mm×mm) $\varnothing $24×12 2.5 $\varnothing $5×12.5 $\varnothing $24×12 6.0 $\varnothing $5×30.0 3.0 $\varnothing $5×15.0 7.0 $\varnothing $5×35.0 4.0 $\varnothing $5×20.0 8.0 $\varnothing $5×40.0 5.0 $\varnothing $5×25.0
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表 5 不同长径比Taylor杆的数值模拟结果
Table 5. Statistical analysis of numerical simulation of Taylor rods with different aspect ratios
l/d $\Delta {u_{\rm{fs}}} $/(m·s−1) Expansion area Lateral stress tend to zero Stress state 2.5 120 No No Three-dimensional 3.0 113 No No Three-dimensional 4.0 82 Yes Yes One-dimensional 5.0 79 Yes Yes One-dimensional 6.0 78 Yes Yes One-dimensional 7.0 77 Yes Yes One-dimensional 8.0 77 Yes Yes One-dimensional
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表 6 不同应力场下的应力状态参数
Table 6. Stress state parameter values under different stress fields
Loading method Principal stress component σ* σ1 σ2 σ3 Three directions equal pull σ σ σ Positive infinity Three directions unequal pull σ σ 0.5σ 1.67 Two way equal pull σ σ 0 0.67 Uniaxial tension σ 0 0 0.33 Torsion σ 0 –σ 0 Uniaxial compression 0 0 –σ –0.33 Two-direction equal pressure 0 –σ –σ –0.67 Three-direction unequal pressure –0.5σ –σ –σ –1.67 Three-direction uniform pressure –σ –σ –σ Negative infinity
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表 7 不同撞击速度下超高强度钢Taylor杆的变形及断裂情况
Table 7. Deformation and fracture modes of Taylor rod with ultra-high strength steel under different impact velocities
v/(m·s−1) d0/mm l0/mm df/mm lf/mm Deformation and fracture modes 180 5 40.0 6.20 37.80 Slight deformation 230 5 40.0 7.20 36.60 Upsetting 273 5 40.0 7.70 36.30 Upsetting 350 5 40.0 9.60 33.95 Upsetting 380 5 40.0 10.63 33.00 Upsetting 400 5 40.0 11.30 32.35 Mushroom shaped deformation 450 5 40.0 12.92 30.58 Mushroom shaped deformation 475 5 40.0 13.84 29.81 Mushroom shaped deformation 500 5 40.0 14.01 28.95 Petal shaped cracking 550 5 40.0 27.08 Petal shaped cracking 610 5 40.0 21.03 Petal shaped cracking
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