Numerical Simulation of Energy Absorption Performance and Failure Mechanism of CFRP Composites under Fragment Impact after Explosion
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摘要: 碳纤维增强聚合物（carbon fibre-reinforced polymer, CFRP）复合材料在破片冲击作用下的复杂侵彻行为和失效机制尚不明确，这一现状制约了其在防护领域的应用。针对实验手段在获取侵彻历程信息时面临的监测难度大、成本高昂等问题，构建了CFRP复合材料破片冲击有限元分析（finite element analysis, FEA）模型，采用基于应变的三维 Hashin 失效准则，并引入强度的速率依赖性关系。通过与实验结果对比，验证了FEA模型的有效性。模拟结果表明，在不同TNT当量和破片距爆点距离的条件下，破片的初速度和撞击倾角存在显著差异。将破片相对于靶板上不同平面间的倾角分别定义为α和β。固定冲击速度仅改变倾角α时，试样的吸能效果和冲击速度敏感性未表现出明显差异，而改变倾角β时试样的吸能效果和冲击速度敏感性差异显著。当β=0°时，CFRP复合材料在195～392 m/s的速度范围内表现出明显的冲击速度敏感性。当α=0°时，CFRP复合材料在195～392 m/s的冲击速度范围内的冲击速度敏感性随着β的增大而逐渐减弱。可视化的侵彻过程和破坏区域表明，接触面积、接触时间和变形程度是导致CFRP复合材料吸能效果和冲击速度敏感性差异的重要因素。
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关键词:
- 破片冲击 /
- 碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料 /
- 有限元模拟 /
- 失效行为
Abstract: The application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite in protective equipment is restricted by its complex penetration behavior and unclear failure mechanism under fragment impact. To overcome the difficulty and high cost of monitoring the penetration process information through experiments, a finite element analysis (FEA) model of CFRP composite under fragment impact is constructed in this study. In this model, a strain-based three-dimensional Hashin failure criterion is adopted, and the rate-dependent relationship of strength is introduced. The effectiveness of the FEA model is verified by comparison with experimental results. The simulation results show significant difference in both initial velocities and impact inclination angles under different TNT equivalents and distances from the explosion point. The inclination angles of fragments with the target plate on y-z and x-z planes are defined as α and β. When β=0°, CFRP composites exhibit pronounced impact velocity sensitivity in the velocity range of 195−392 m/s. The energy absorption capability and impact velocity sensitivity of specimens with different inclination angles β are significantly different. However, the energy absorption capability and impact velocity sensitivity of specimens with different inclination angles α do not show significant differences. When α=0°, the impact velocity sensitivity of CFRP composites in the impact velocity range of 195−392 m/s gradually declines with the increase of inclination angle β. Visualization of the penetration process and failure area indicates that the contact area and time and deformation degree are the crucial reasons for the differences in energy absorption capability and impact velocity sensitivity observed in CFRP composites. -
图 4 靶板中心区域网格尺寸分别为1.5、2.0和3.0 mm时破片速度-时间曲线
Figure 4. Velocity-time curves of fragments when the mesh size in the center area of the target plate is 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mm, respectively
图 5 中心区域网格尺寸分别为1.5、2.0和3.0 mm时靶板的变形区域和破坏形貌
Figure 5. Deformation region and failure morphology of target plates with mesh size of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mm in the central region, respectively
图 6 (a) 预制破片群及破片位置标注（由位置1至位置6，破片距离爆点距离增加），(b) 不同位置破片在爆炸载荷作用下的飞行姿态，(c)～(f) 500、1 000、1 500和2 000 g TNT当量下破片群中破片冲击速度随时间的变化曲线（表明位置1至位置6破片的冲击速度分布情况）
Figure 6. (a) Prefabricated fragment group and fragment location marking (from position 1 to position 6, the distance between fragment and explosion point increases); (b) the flight attitude of fragments at different locations under explosive loading; (c)−(f) is the curve of the impact velocity of each fragment in the fragment group with the TNT equivalent of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 g, respectively, indicating the impact velocity distribution of fragments at positions 1 to 6
图 7 破片在y-z和x-z平面上与靶板的倾角
Figure 7. Inclination angles of fragments with the target plate on y-z and x-z planes
图 8 不同倾角下破片的冲击速度-时间曲线
Figure 8. Impact velocity-time curves of fragments at different inclination angles
图 9 (a)具有不同倾角α的破片的剩余速度-初速度关系，(b)具有不同初速度的破片的剩余速度与倾角α的关系
Figure 9. (a) Residual velocity vs. initial velocity for fragments with different inclination α; (b) residual velocity vs. inclination α of fragments with different initial velocities
图 10 层合板试样在具有392 m/s冲击速度和不同倾角α的破片冲击下的侵彻破坏过程（y-z平面）
Figure 10. Penetration process of laminate specimens under the impact of fragments with different angles of α and impact velocity of 392 m/s (in y-z plane)
图 11 层合板试样在具有392 m/s冲击速度和不同倾角α的破片冲击下的侵彻破坏过程（x-z平面）
Figure 11. Penetration process of laminate specimens under the impact of fragments with different angles α and impact velocity of 392 m/s (in x-z plane)
图 12 层合板在具有392 m/s冲击速度和不同倾角α的破片冲击下背面的破坏形态和变形区域
Figure 12. Failure modes and deformation regions of back of laminate specimen under the impact of fragments with impact velocity of 392 m/s and different inclination angles α
图 13 (a)具有不同倾角β的破片的剩余速度-初速度关系，(b)具有不同初速度的破片的剩余速度-倾角β的关系
Figure 13. (a) Residual velocity vs. initial velocity for fragments with different inclinations β;(b) residual velocity vs. inclination β of fragments with different initial velocities
图 14 层合板试样在具有392 m/s冲击速度和不同倾角β的破片冲击下的侵彻破坏过程（y-z平面）
Figure 14. Penetration process of laminate specimens under the impact of fragments with different angles β and impact velocity of 392 m/s (in y-z plane)
图 15 层合板试样在具有392 m/s冲击速度和不同倾角β的破片冲击下的侵彻破坏过程（x-z平面）
Figure 15. Penetration process of laminate specimens under the impact of fragments with different angles β and impact velocity of 392 m/s (in x-z plane)
图 16 层合板试样S-B-20在具有392 m/s冲击速度和90.0°倾角β的破片冲击下的侵彻破坏过程（y-z平面）
Figure 16. Penetration process of laminate specimens under the impact of fragment with impact velocity of 392 m/s and 90.0° inclination angle β (in y-z plane)
图 17 层合板在具有392 m/s冲击速度和不同倾角β的破片冲击下背面的破坏形态和变形区域
Figure 17. Failure modes and deformation regions of back of laminate specimen under the impact of fragment with 392 m/s impact velocity and different inclination angles β
ρ/(g·cm −3) E11/GPa E22/GPa E33/GPa μ12 μ13 μ23 G12/GPa 1.68 139 6.655 6.655 0.0138 0.0138 0.445 3.346 G13/GPa G23/GPa F1T/MPa F2T/MPa F3T/MPa F1C/MPa F2C/MPa F3C/MPa 3.346 2.302 2961 64 64 2665 127 127 S12/MPa S13/MPa S23/MPa Gf1/(kJ·m −2) Gf2/(kJ·m −2) Gf3/(kJ·m −2) 63 63 63 62 22 22 
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$ t_{\mathrm{n}}^0 $/MPa $ t_{\mathrm{s}}^0 $/MPa $t_{\mathrm{t}}^0 $/MPa $ G_{\text{n}}^{\text{C}} $/(N·mm −1) $ G\mathrm{_s^C} $/(N·mm −1) $G\mathrm{_t^C} $/(N·mm −1) $ \eta $ 50 90 90 0.52 0.92 0.92 1.5
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表 3 试样信息和剩余速度结果
Table 3. Specimen information and residual velocity results
Specimens α/(°) β/(°) vI/(m·s−1) vR/(m·s−1) S-A-1/S-B-1 0 0 195 −9.13 S-A-2/S-B-2 0 0 293 74.79 S-A-3/S-B-3 0 0 350 138.44 S-A-4/S-B-4 0 0 392 178.14 S-A-5 15 0 195 −12.46 S-A-6 15 0 293 61.87 S-A-7 15 0 350 122.46 S-A-8 15 0 392 169.24 S-A-9 30 0 195 −6.42 S-A-10 30 0 293 60.83 S-A-11 30 0 350 127.58 S-A-12 30 0 392 163.38 S-A-13 45 0 195 −6.75 S-A-14 45 0 293 72.79 S-A-15 45 0 350 119.09 S-A-16 45 0 392 157.46 S-B-5 0 22.5 195 −11.57 S-B-6 0 22.5 293 5.18 S-B-7 0 22.5 350 48.98 S-B-8 0 22.5 392 91.04 S-B-9 0 45.0 195 −11.90 S-B-10 0 45.0 293 −9.70 S-B-11 0 45.0 350 16.25 S-B-12 0 45.0 392 33.90 S-B-13 0 67.5 195 −13.18 S-B-14 0 67.5 293 −12.56 S-B-15 0 67.5 350 −0.87 S-B-16 0 67.5 392 8.13 S-B-17 0 90.0 195 −9.32 S-B-18 0 90.0 293 −8.03 S-B-19 0 90.0 350 −1.54 S-B-20 0 90.0 392 −0.45
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