High-Pressure Preparation of High-Strength Wood Materials
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摘要: 地球上的矿产资源是有限的，而木材则可以再生。用改性木材代替储量有限的工业材料是人类长期追求的目标。采用大腔体六面顶压机对轻木、椴木和东非黑紫檀3种木材试样进行室温高压处理，分析了高压处理对其气干密度、抗压强度、弹性模量等性能的影响，并通过CT和扫描电子显微镜观察其内部微观结构变化。结果表明，3种木材的物理力学性能均有所提升。轻木、椴木和东非黑紫檀经5.50 GPa高压处理后，其密度分别提升239%、112%和11%，表面硬度分别提升79%、46%和15%，抗压强度分别提升33%、9%和28%。东非黑紫檀压密材的比强度（101.55 kJ/kg）接近铝合金（109.23 kJ/kg）；东非黑紫檀具有比陶瓷材料轻质、比铝合金绝缘和隔热的特点；高比强度东非黑紫檀有潜力取代铝合金，有望在很多特殊环境中获得应用，为未来工业的可持续发展提供支持。研究结果为木材高值化应用提供了新思路。Abstract: Mineral resources on Earth are finite, but wood is renewable. Therefore, replacing limited industrial materials with modified wood remains a long-term pursuit. This study processed samples of three wood types, including balsa (Ochroma lagopus), basswood (Tilia tuan), and African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), with a large volume cubic press to compress these samples at room temperature under high pressure. The effects of high-pressure treatment on the air dry density, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the three wood species were analyzed, and changes in their internal microstructures were observed using CT and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of all three wood species improved. After high-pressure processing at 5.50 GPa, the density of balsa, basswood, and African blackwood increased by 239%, 112%, and 11%, respectively. Additionally, the surface hardness increased by 79%, 46%, and 15%, respectively, and the compressive strength increased by 33%, 9%, and 28%, respectively. Notably, the specific strength of compressed African blackwood (101.55 kJ/kg) approaches that of aluminum alloys (109.23 kJ/kg). The results demonstrate that African blackwood is lighter than ceramic materials. Furthermore, this wood offers superior electrical insulation and thermal insulation compared to aluminum alloy. Crucially, African blackwood possesses high specific strength, and this property gives it significant potential to replace aluminum alloy in numerous special environments. Such application supports sustainable development for future industries. In conclusion, this research opens new possibilities for high-value wood applications.
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Key words:
- large volume cubic press /
- wood compression /
- wood density /
- mechanical properties
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图 1 大腔体六面顶压机内部(a)、高压腔体组装(b)及木料加工(c)示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the interior of large-volume cubic press (a), high-pressure cell assembly (b) and wood processing (c)
图 2 5.50 GPa压力处理后木材的显微CT影像
Figure 2. Micro-CT scans of wood samples treated at 5.50 GPa
图 3 轻木(a)、椴木(b)和东非黑紫檀(c)对照样的横切面显微构造图像；轻木(d)、椴木(e)及东非黑紫檀(f)经5.50 GPa高压处理试样的横切面显微构造图像；轻木对照样(g)与5.50 GPa压力处理试样(h)的横切面SEM图像
Figure 3. Cross-sectional micrographs of the control samples for balsa (a), basswood (b), and African blackwood (c), respectively; cross-sectional micrographs of balsa (d), basswood (e), and African blackwood (f) samples treated at 5.50 GPa, respectively; cross-sectional SEM images of balsa control (g) and 5.50 GPa-treated (h) samples, respectively
图 4 高压处理前、后木材的抗压强度
Figure 4. Compressive strengths of wood samples before and after high-pressure treatment
图 5 3种木材在5.50 GPa处理前、后的力-位移曲线
Figure 5. Force-displacement curves of three wood species before and after 5.50 GPa treatment
图 6 高压处理前、后木材样品的弹性模量
Figure 6. Elastic modulus of wood samples before and after high-pressure treatment
图 7 木材高压处理前后的硬度变化
Figure 7. Hardness of wood samples before and after high-pressure treatment
表 1 木材高压处理前、后的气干密度
Table 1. Airdry densities of wood samples before and after high-pressure treatment
Wood species Airdry density at different pressure treatments/(g·cm−3) Increase rate/% Control 2.55 GPa 4.00 GPa 5.50 GPa Treated 1 year Balsa 0.30 1.03 0.97 1.05 239 197 Basswood 0.49 1.03 1.04 1.05 112 100 African blackwood 1.27 1.35 1.38 1.48 11 4 
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表 2 对照组木材的组分含量
Table 2. Component content of control wood
Wood species Cellulose/% Hemicellulose/% Lignin/% Balsa 40.64 15.53 19.55 Basswood 43.21 22.34 14.45 African blackwood 48.85 21.52 11.83
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表 3 不同材料的比强度
Table 3. Specific strength of different materials
Material Strength/MPa Density/(g·cm−3) Specific strength/(kJ·kg−1) 5.50 GPa-treated balsa 36.24 1.05 34.24 5.50 GPa-treated basswood 48.35 1.05 46.05 5.50 GPa-treated African blackwood 150.30 1.48 101.55 Concrete RC40[29] 47.5 1.95 24.36 Concrete P·I 42.5[30] 45.2 2.3 19.65 Polyethylene plastic 39 0.91 42.86 Steel[31] 1340 7.83 171.14 Aluminum alloy[31] 296 2.71 109.23 Titanium alloy[31] 1060 4.43 239.28
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