Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Metals at Very High Strain Rates
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摘要: 金属材料广泛应用于国防工业和民用工程中，了解金属材料在强动载荷作用下的力学性能对武器和防护结构的设计和评估具有重要意义。通过在二级轻气炮上进行平板撞击实验，测定了93钨合金和921A钢在极高应变率下的动态屈服强度，详细介绍了实验的设计原理和实验数据的分析方法，并利用公式对93钨合金和921A钢的动态屈服强度进行分析。实验结果表明：93钨合金在应变率（冲击压力）分别为1.7 × 105 s−1（49.5 GPa）和3.1 × 105 s−1（84.1 GPa）下的屈服强度分别为2.10 GPa和2.78 GPa；921A钢在应变率（冲击压力）为3.6 × 105 s−1（38.1 GPa）、4.7 × 105 s−1（62.4 GPa）和6.2 × 105 s−1（90.1 GPa）下的屈服强度分别为2.08 、2.67 和3.15 GPa；在极高应变率下93钨合金和921A钢的动态增强因子为2～3。Abstract: Metals are widely used in the defense industry and civil engineering and an understanding of the mechanical properties of metals under intense dynamic loadings is of great significance for the design and assessment of weapons and protective structures. In this paper, the dynamic yield strengths (HELs) of 93 tungsten alloy and 921A steel at very high strain rates are determined by plate impact tests using a two-stage light gas gun system. The paper consists of three parts: firstly, the basic principle of the plate impact experiment is briefly introduced; secondly, the experimental data is analyzed in some details; finally, the dynamic yield strengths of 93 tungsten alloy and 921A steel at very high strain rates are determined. The experimental results show that the dynamic yield strengths of 93 tungsten alloy at strain rates of 1.7 × 105 s−1 and 3.1 × 105 s−1 are 2.10 GPa and 2.78 GPa respectively and the dynamic yield strengths of 921A steel at strain rates of 3.6 × 105 s−1, 4.7 × 105 s−1 and 6.2 × 105 s−1 are 2.08 GPa, 2.67 GPa and 3.15 GPa, respectively. The experimental results also show that the dynamic increase factors for 93 tungsten alloy and 921A steel at very high strain rates are between 2 and 3.
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Key words:
- plate impact /
- 93 tungsten alloy /
- 921A steel /
- strain rate /
- dynamic yield strength
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图 1 加窗激光干涉测速技术测量声速示意图(实线表示冲击波，虚线表示追赶稀疏波)
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the measurement of sound speed by windowed laser interferometry (Solid line indicates shock wave and broken line designates rarefaction wave)
图 2 反向碰撞方法测量声速原理图（实线表示冲击波，虚线表示追赶稀疏波）
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the measurement of sound speed by reverse impact (Solid line indicates shock wave and broken line designates rarefaction wave)
图 3 双屈服面强度测量方法
Figure 3. Method for measuring technique to measure dynamic yield strength
图 6 93钨合金和921A钢加载和卸载速度-时间历史
Figure 6. Loading and unloading velocity-time histories for 93 tungsten alloy and 921A steel
图 8 93钨合金和921A钢的声速-粒子速度拉格朗日分析
Figure 8. Lagrangian analysis of sound speed-particle velocity for 93 tungsten alloy and 921A steel
图 9 93钨合金的DIF随应变率的变化
Figure 9. Variation of DIF with strain rate for 93 tungsten alloy
表 1 93钨合金和921A钢的实验结果
Table 1. Test results for 93 tungsten alloy and 921A steel
No. hs/mm vi/(km·s−1) pH/GPa G/GPa Strain Strain rates/106 s−1 (τc + τ0)/GPa YH/GPa σd/GPa 93W-1 3.218 2.82 49.5 196 0.11 0.17 1.05 2.10 1.28 93W-2 2.892 4.23 84.1 254 0.17 0.31 2.26 2.78 1.54 921A-1 2.808 2.88 38.1 110 0.21 0.36 1.07 2.08 1.19 921A-2 2.823 4.02 62.4 141 0.22 0.47 2.62 2.67 1.44 921A-3 2.818 5.20 90.1 166 0.26 0.62 2.99 3.15 1.57 
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